HINDU-BASED FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND BUSINESS SUSTAINABILITY: A MIXED-METHOD STUDY OF CREDIT VILLAGE INSTITUTIONS (LPDS) IN BALI

The financial management in the coastal villages based on the principle of public participation is regulated in Act Number 6 of 2014 on the Village. The regulating is intended that rural communities can participate and play the role and can directly involve in financial management, including the supervision on financial allocations. The selected coastal villages in Gresik are Pangkah Kulon village, Banyu Urip village and Campurejo village; the villages are in two sub-districts (kecamatan), Ujung Pangkah and Panceng. This research is an empirical research with the steps which refer to the principle of PAR (Participatory Action Research). The research advances show that the location of the research and the regulations have been identified; the informants have been determined; and the data on Village Fund Allocation and the model of village financial management of which each village makes have been collected. As a result of the research, the model of financial management in Pangkah Kulon village, Banyu Urip village and Campurejo village is not maximally in accordance with the steps that should be as in the regulations, particularly in the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 113 of 2014 on Village Financial Management. The used format is not uniform.

This paper contributes to the discussion about nonprofit organizations’ (NPO) model of financial management in the accounts receivable area. In fact, when it is judged from a technical point of view, the opinion that nonprofit financial management do not differ from a for-profit business could be justified, and is known in nonprofit financial management discussion (Jegers 2011; Hansmann, 1987). But that point of view is only partially right. Sloan et al. and Wedig et al. implemented with modifications a financial management portfolio theory to NPO financial management (Sloan et al., 1988; Wedig 1994, Wedig et al. 1996, Jegers, Verschueren, 2006). In the paper, the model of financial liquidity management in NPOs is presented from the perspective that claims the basic financial aim of an NPO is the most financially effective realization of the mission, resulting in the donors’ support for the organization (Leone, Van Horn, 2005; Eldenburg et al., 2011). It is close in many points to the maximization of for-profit firms’ values, but in fact it has many differences, and non-profit entrepreneurship could attract entrepreneurs more than for-profit organizations (Michalski, 2012; Chapelle, 2010). The net working capital requirements and the elements shaping it, such as the level of cash tied up in accounts receivable, inventories, the early settlement of accounts payable, and operational cash balances, is one of the fields where a difference could be seen. Not many NPOs have to deal with all aspects of liquidity decisions or current assets management. Like for-profit organizations, some of them use only cash from current assets, redistributing it from donors to beneficiaries. Other NPOs collect free-of-charge goods for resale, using this income to realize their mission. Many NPOs are almost identical in operating processes with for-profit businesses, but are nonprofit because of their main mission.An NPO’s management team’s decision about the accounts receivables policy is a balance between gaining new customers by way of a more liberal organization’s trade credit policy and limiting the risk of allowing for delayed payment from unreliable purchasers. That kind of decision shapes the level and quality of accounts receivables (Michalski, 2012). Paraphrasing Keith Smith and James A. Gentry’s observations, it is possible to observe that Robichek et al. (Gentry, 1988; Robichek et al., 1965; Smith, 1973) talk about the risk involved to accounts receivable decisions which must be accepted by financial institutions’ pledging of accounts receivable of the firm. Keith Smith (Smith, 1973; Gentry, 1988) predicted and Michalski (Michalski, 2008) showed how a portfolio theory may be used to decrease the accounts receivable risk. Current assets, and among them accounts receivables, could be viewed in the portfolio context as presented by Friedland (1966; Gentry, 1988). Pringle and Cohn (1974; Gentry, 1988) tried to adapt the CAPM theory to working capital elements. Bierman and Hausman (1970; Gentry, 1988) discuss the granting policy of an organization and shows that trade credit policy requires balancing the future sales gains against possible losses. Lewellen, Johnson and Edmister (Lewellen, Johnson, 1972; Lewellen, Edmister, 1973) explain how and why traditional devices used for monitoring accounts receivable should be changed by new and better ones. Freitas (Freitas, 1973) shows the relationship between liquidity and risk during accounts receivable management. The question discussed in that paper concerns the making of decisions by NPOs in the accounts receivables area.

The financial management in the coastal villages based on the principle of public participation is regulated in Act Number 6 of 2014 on the Village. The regulating is intended that rural communities can participate and play the role and can directly involve in financial management, including the supervision on financial allocations. The selected coastal villages in Gresik are Pangkah Kulon village, Banyu Urip village and Campurejo village; the villages are in two sub-districts (kecamatan), Ujung Pangkah and Panceng. This research is an empirical research with the steps which refer to the principle of PAR (Participatory Action Research). The research advances show that the location of the research and the regulations have been identified; the informants have been determined; and the data on Village Fund Allocation and the model of village financial management of which each village makes have been collected. As a result of the research, the model of financial management in Pangkah Kulon village, Banyu Urip village and Campurejo village is not maximally in accordance with the steps that should be as in the regulations, particularly in the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 113 of 2014 on Village Financial Management. The used format is not uniform.

As a result of increasing the efficiency of banking services, the possibility of increasing competitiveness, full satisfaction of customer needs and profitability increases. This article examines various strategies and effects that can be used to optimize banking services. In addition, the article analyzes factors that affect the increase in interest income of Agrobank JSCB, such as the volume of Agrobank JSCB's assets, the volume of remote banking services provided by Agrobank JSCB, the inflation rate, the ROE coefficient of Agrobank JSCB, and ways to reduce operating costs. As a result, a 1% increase in the volume of assets of Agrobank JSCB will increase the bank's profit margin by 0.50%, a 1% increase in remote banking services of Agrobank JSCB will increase the bank's profit margin by 1.25%, and a 1% increase in the inflation rate will reduce the bank's profit margin by 0.98%. Also, a 1% increase in the return on equity (ROE) of Agrobank JSCB will increase the bank's profit margin by 0.50%. It should be noted that banks that invest in these areas can achieve a significant increase in operational efficiency and overall financial indicators in providing services. In the study, the multiple linear regression (LS) model demonstrates that the fusion of factors such as the asset volume of "Agrobank" JSCB, the volume of remote banking services, the return on equity (ROE) coefficient, and the inflation rate has a positive relationship with the bank's total interest income. The integrated impact of these variables contributes significantly to the improvement of the bank’s financial performance indicators.

The evaluation of small-companies performance includes financial and non-financial indicators of companies. The main source of information about financial indicators of business activities is the financial statements of a company; basing on them there is performed the evaluation of the company’s business activities and financial status. The evaluation of small companies business performance and financial status have a significant role in making financial managerial decisions, as it help assessing the risks and potential benefits planning the perspective performance of the company. Exploration and evaluation of the meaning of financial indicators, successful solution of business management problems can be reached by the development of a single financial indicators assessment system in the context of complex analysis of business performance. Despite the fact that in scientific literature the number of publications on this theme increases, the researchers have not arrived to a common view on the essence and composition of the financial performance indicators, as well as their measurement and assessment methods. The content of the article reveals various theoretical approaches to the understanding of the essence, classification of financial indicators and types of their measurement. According to the official statistical data each day every fourth company faces the insolvency procedure. The data of the Latvian businessmen survey show that the owners of small enterprises need a definite system of financial indicators to manage efficiently the financial situation in the company. As it is known, the most characteristic feature of small enterprises is limited financial resources and difficulties in receiving them. Due to it this theme has become very topical in the context of borrowed capital, for example, getting bank loan. In order to evaluate the creditworthiness of the borrower financial institutions usually use the data about the average indicators of the branch calculated by LR Central Statistical Bureau and LTD “Lursoft”. Ass regards financial indicators there are at least three conditions to be improved: - applied models of financial indicators used by the institutions mentioned above were developed more than 10 years ago and they are considered to be universal, they do not consider the size of the enterprise and the form of business organization; - simple selection of financial coefficients is the basis of these models with any logical interrelations; - the most complex issue is the quality of information included into financial statements basing on which financial coefficients are calculated; international standards are not taken into account and there is no information whether financial statements are drafted according to the international standards. The ratings of companies published basing on such information by financial coefficients sometimes can mislead the users of financial statements taking into consideration the conditions mentioned above. The aim of the paper is to make recommendations on the development of the financial indicators system on the basis of study and generalization of the scientific publications, and analysis of Latvian practice in the field of a company performance, which the owners of small enterprises in Latvia could successfully apply for evaluation of the company’s financial position. The offered system of financial indicators can be used in the future as a basis for developing a complex model for the evaluation of the financial status of small enterprises. In order to reach the aim of the research the following tasks have been put forward: · to investigate the essence of financial indicators and financial ratios, and to show their role in company performance; · to provide critical evaluation of the approach to the evaluation of financial indicators used in Latvia to assess business performance; · to develop recommendations for designing a financial indicators system for evaluation of a small company’s business performance and its practical implementation. The research is based on the analysis and evaluation of special literature and scientific publications on the financial indicators of business activities and their role in the evaluation of business performance. The following methods have been used in the research: logical analysis ad synthesis, content analysis and a monographic method. The articles analyses and evaluates prior researches on the financial indicators of business performance, considered and systematized financial indicators for the evaluation of small companies’ business performance. The results of the give research could be useful not only for the owners of small enterprises in Latvia, but also for private and public institutions having access to financial information about companies performance in Latvia. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eis.0.6.1554

Despite its substantial contributions to a country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), there is no known systematic study on the governance of the biotechnology sector and how its performance is measured. A questionnaire survey was conducted with the firms registered in the UK Biotechnology Handbook . With a response rate of 38% and rigorous analysis, the results show that, when measuring performance, managers use both the financial and nonfinancial indicators, but emphasise the financial indicators more. The financial indicators include turnover, profit margins, cash reserve and liquidity, while the nonfinancial indicators are about meeting the customers’ needs and expectations. More specifically, the managers place attention to the reporting of the environmental issues of their firms, reflecting their readiness to excel in social corporate responsibilities. The results have implications for the biotechnology sector and regulators for public policy.

In order to accurately assess the financial risks of enterprises, a quantitative model of enterprise financial risk management based on nonlinear differential equations is designed. According to the hierarchical running track of enterprises, 30 evaluation indexes are selected, the index weights are determined, and the financial risk evaluation index system is constructed. Constructing allocation judgment matrix based on binary allocation scale value. Copula nonlinear differential equation is selected to comprehensively quantify the risk management of enterprise financial portfolio. Realize the quantitative model of enterprise financial risk management. The accuracy of the design model is verified by experiments. The results show that the upper quantile of the design model analysis is closer to the standard value, which is consistent with the actual situation and is effective

China’s higher education industry has developed rapidly since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee. With the acceleration of the development of institutions of higher learning, the problems and contradictions in its financial management have become increasingly prominent. More and more complicated. The purpose of this article is to optimize the structure and technology of existing financial business processes and financial management models, bring big data technologies that are suitable for their own development to financial business management, and integrate them with financial management theories and institutions of higher education. Innovate and improve the new management mode to meet the needs of financial business and management control, so as to achieve a comprehensive improvement of the financial management level of colleges and universities (CU). This paper proposes a research on the subject of financial management mode of CU based on big data technology, discusses the problems existing in actual work, and elaborates on the problems from the design of accounting business processes, internal control systems, and construction of financial information platforms, and proposes corresponding Improve opinions and strengthen the actual basis of this article. By studying the development history of China’s college financial management (FM) model and analyzing the existing college FM model, it is found that there are big management situations such as weak management concepts, imperfect budget management, and the ability of financial staff to adapt to university reforms. The need to reconstruct the traditional university FM process and other issues, put forward the efficiency of the new model of university FM under big data.KeywordsBig data technologyCollege financeFM modelInnovation and improvement

In recent years, mobile payment technology has rapidly developed and gradually become an integral part of daily economic activities, particularly within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The widespread adoption of mobile payments has significantly transformed financial management and operational models in SMEs. As vital drivers of economic growth, the financial management efficiency of SMEs is crucial to their survival and development. The extensive application of mobile payments not only facilitates daily transactions but also provides additional data and information support, potentially enhancing financial management efficiency. However, although numerous studies focus on the impact of mobile payments on business operations, there is a gap in the specific examination of their effect on the financial management efficiency of SMEs. Existing research predominantly addresses the impact of mobile payments on the overall market, lacking detailed analysis targeting SMEs. Furthermore, research methodologies often overlook the heterogeneity of user behavior on mobile payment platforms, failing to comprehensively reflect the differential impact on various types of enterprises. This study explores how user utility, user scale, platform profit, and equilibrium price affect the financial management efficiency of SMEs by constructing a theoretical model. It consists of two parts: initially defining financial management efficiency in SMEs and analyzing its influencing factors to update their financial management models. Subsequently, it examines the impact of mobile payment platforms on these factors through empirical analysis and model derivation. The findings demonstrate that mobile payment technology significantly enhances the financial management efficiency of SMEs, offering useful insights for business management and policy-making.

This study presents a comprehensive quantitative analysis of Agentic AI performance and applications across various industries. Agentic AI, an emerging field combining advanced AI techniques with enterprise automation, has shown promise in creating autonomous agents capable of complex decision-making and problem-solving. Our research, conducted over a 12-month period, employed a mixed-methods approach, analyzing data from 500 organizations and incorporating insights from 50 industry experts. The study aimed to evaluate the efficiency, accuracy, and impact of Agentic AI systems compared to traditional AI approaches.Results demonstrate that Agentic AI systems significantly outperform traditional AI, with a 34.2% reduction in task completion time, 7.7% increase in accuracy, and 13.6% improvement in resource utilization. Productivity gains varied across industries, with the technology sector showing the highest improvement at 45%. The study also revealed high scalability of Agentic AI solutions across different organizational sizes, although implementation time increased with organization complexity.Key challenges identified include data privacy concerns, integration difficulties with legacy systems, skill gaps, and ethical considerations. Despite these challenges, the study concludes that Agentic AI has significant potential to transform business processes and decision-making across various sectors. Future research directions include enhancing interpretability, optimizing domain-specific applications, and exploring multi-agent collaborations.This research contributes valuable insights into the current state and future prospects of Agentic AI, providing a foundation for further development and implementation strategies in this rapidly evolving field.

This paper develops a theoretical model that integrates board-level financial governance, regulatory oversight, and executive accountability as mutually reinforcing pillars of organizational integrity and sustainable performance. The model is grounded in agency theory, stakeholder theory, and institutional theory, and responds to persistent governance failures associated with weak board supervision, regulatory arbitrage, and misaligned executive incentives. At the board level, financial governance is conceptualized as a structured system of fiduciary stewardship, strategic financial oversight, risk governance, and ethical resource allocation, exercised through independent audit committees, transparent reporting mechanisms, and robust internal control frameworks. Regulatory oversight is positioned as an external constraint and enabling mechanism that shapes board behavior through compliance standards, supervisory monitoring, enforcement actions, and normative pressures that promote financial discipline and accountability. Executive accountability is framed as the alignment between managerial decision-making authority and clearly defined performance, compliance, and ethical responsibilities, reinforced through incentive structures, disclosure obligations, and sanction regimes. The proposed model illustrates dynamic feedback loops among the three domains. Effective board-level financial governance enhances regulatory compliance and reduces supervisory intervention, while credible regulatory oversight strengthens board vigilance and deters opportunistic executive behavior. Executive accountability, in turn, operationalizes governance and regulatory expectations through responsible financial management, accurate reporting, and prudent risk-taking. The model further incorporates contextual moderators, including organizational size, ownership structure, regulatory maturity, and industry risk profiles, which influence the intensity and effectiveness of governance interactions. By conceptualizing governance as an interconnected system rather than isolated mechanisms, the model explains how failures in one domain can cascade across others, leading to systemic financial misconduct or organizational collapse. This theoretical contribution advances corporate governance scholarship by offering an integrative framework that bridges internal governance structures and external regulatory regimes with executive-level conduct. Practically, the model provides policymakers, regulators, and boards with a structured lens for diagnosing governance weaknesses, designing coherent oversight architectures, and strengthening accountability mechanisms. The paper concludes by outlining implications for empirical testing and policy design, emphasizing the model’s relevance for enhancing financial transparency, institutional trust, and long-term organizational sustainability in complex regulatory environments. It is adaptable across public, private, and hybrid governance contexts globally today.

This paper aims to explore the relationship between corporate reputation and social responsibility (CSR) in selected large Croatian companies. The research is based on the theoretical framework that supports a thesis of their positive relationship. CSR is measured through economic, environmental, and social aspects and is primarily based on testing the relationship between CSR and financial performance to determine whether the relationship is positive, neutral or negative. Many researchers have concluded that it is generally positive, depending on which measures of financial performance are used. At the same time, corporate reputation is considered as a key mediator in the relationship between a firm's CSR and financial performance. In this concept of CSR, reputation is a global perception of a group of stakeholders, its assessment of the credibility of the organization's projection. Company reputations may vary from one stakeholder to another depending of their expectations, which are dynamic and likely to change over time. It is within this context of company relationships with its stakeholders that determines the level of reputation a company will develop over time. Thus corporate reputation will be directly and significantly related to CSR. Based on this hypothesis, they are a few objectives of this research. The first is to analyze the significance of the proposed corporate attributes according to company and customer perspective. For that purpose, seven practical and theoretical background attributes are selected and ranked - quality of products and services, corporate vision and strategy, quality of management leadership, labor force, financial performance, social and environmental responsibility, and corporate governance. Second is to propose indicators for each reputation attribute and rank them according to their significance collected by surveying large companies executives. Third is to analyze the correlation between socially responsible companies and their reputation. The research results show that one of the corporate attributes CSR - is ranked very low from the point of view of company executives and employees, but very high from the perspective of consumers. Among the indicators which represent socially responsible performance, financial performance is ranked first, followed by ecological and social performance. A positive relationship between financial performance and corporate reputation has been statistically confirmed; i.e., socially responsible Croatian large companies have better financial results measured by ROA, ROE, margin profit and EPS.

The article discloses the procedure for the formation of the structural-functional model of anti-crisis financial management at the enterprise. For the purpose of a clearer presentation, the set of works on anti-crisis financial management of the enterprise from the perspective of the process approach has been analyzed. It was determined that the modeling of the anti-crisis financial management process should be carried out using modern analytical technologies, which will allow at the system level to form the necessary solutions taking into account the production features of the enterprise and achieve their effective implementation. It is established that in order to achieve greater efficiency of the management process, it is advisable to develop a structural-functional model of anti-crisis financial management. This allows you to determine the sequence of relevant actions and visualize all participants in the management process, the stages of the simulated process, their relationship, methodological support and results, both intermediate and general. The proposed methodological approach allows us to synthesize, within the framework of a single methodology, the process of developing a set of reasonable anti-crisis measures at the enterprise; provides regulation of management activity parameters at each stage of model development; significantly reduces the influence of uncertainty factors on the accuracy of the choice of anti-crisis measures, creates the prerequisites for improving the formation of an anti-crisis financial management program for the enterprise and further effective activities. Using the proposed methodology will allow us to consistently establish the procedure for conducting anti-crisis financial management, visually present the direct participants in this process, conduct its critical analysis and determine optimization paths, that is, the ability to create an improved model to increase the effectiveness of management decisions.

This study aims to obtain a comprehensive picture of the Financial Management Model in Effective Schools (Multisite Study at SMKN 1 Kandangan and SMKN 2 Kandangan, Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency). This type of research is descriptive qualitative concerning (1) financial planning, (2) the management of finance, (3) finance supervision, (4) the report and accountability finance, and (4) model of financial management on the effectiveness of schools in SMK. The approach through survey data, and observations on the subject of research: the head of the school, the board committee, deputy head of the school, treasurer, and teachers. Data collection techniques: interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis: interactive, namely data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. Validity test: source and method triangulation. The results showed that: 1. Financial planning: No School Development Plan (RPS) and School Work Plan (RKS) compile the Budget and Expenditure of School (Budgets), 2. Implementation of management: blind of RKS and documents 1, Budgets, use of total Bos and Bosda according to implementation instructions (operational guidelines), bookkeeping, proof of receipts, tax and stamp deposits, supervision, making reports, and accountability. 3. Supervision: monitoring, auditing, evaluation, and review from Disdikbud, Bakeuda, Inspectorate, BPK and BPKP, general cash book reporting (BKU), special cash books (BKK), and taxes. 4. L Reports and accountability: bookkeeping, record and, expenditure finances and report to account s each accompanied by proof of expenditure corresponding expenditure transaction. 5. Effective financial management model: School-Based Management Model (MMBS) with the principles of accountability, transparency and efficiency, from the school management team, school principals, committees, and parents (community). The conclusion of this research is that the Model of Financial Management in Effective Schools (Multisite Learning at SMKN 1 Kandangan and SMKN 2 Kandangan, Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency) still needs to be improved so that financial management becomes better and stable.

This study aims to obtain a comprehensive picture of the Financial Management Model in Effective Schools (Multisite Study at SMKN 1 Kandangan and SMKN 2 Kandangan, Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency). This type of research is descriptive qualitative concerning (1) financial planning, (2) the management of finance, (3) finance supervision, (4) the report and accountability finance, and (4) model of financial management on the effectiveness of schools in SMK. The approach through survey data, and observations on the subject of research: the head of the school, the board committee, deputy head of the school, treasurer, and teachers. Data collection techniques: interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis: interactive, namely data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. Validity test: source and method triangulation. The results showed that: 1. Financial planning: No School Development Plan (RPS) and School Work Plan (RKS) compile the Budget and Expenditure of School (Budgets), 2. Implementation of management: blind of RKS and documents 1, Budgets, use of total Bos and Bosda according to implementation instructions (operational guidelines), bookkeeping, proof of receipts, tax and stamp deposits, supervision, making reports, and accountability. 3. Supervision: monitoring, auditing, evaluation, and review from Disdikbud, Bakeuda, Inspectorate, BPK and BPKP, general cash book reporting (BKU), special cash books (BKK), and taxes. 4. L Reports and accountability: bookkeeping, record and, expenditure finances and report to account s each accompanied by proof of expenditure corresponding expenditure transaction. 5. Effective financial management model: School-Based Management Model (MMBS) with the principles of accountability, transparency and efficiency, from the school management team, school principals, committees, and parents (community). The conclusion of this research is that the Model of Financial Management in Effective Schools (Multisite Learning at SMKN 1 Kandangan and SMKN 2 Kandangan, Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency) still needs to be improved so that financial management becomes better and stable.