Abstract
Publisher Summary This chapter describes the various time-resolving electron optical techniques that are developed for a fast study of transient effects in freestanding films and on surfaces of bulk materials down to the nanosecond time scale. Hydrodynamic instabilities in confined laser pulse-produced melts and their solidification and evaporation are discussed in the chapter, as they are of major concern to micromachining with laser pulses. The mechanisms uncovered by high-speed electron microscopy are described. There are three different time-resolving techniques distinguished by the number of spatial coordinates in the image: (1) short-time-exposure imaging, (2) streak imaging, and (3) image intensity tracking. There are several types of electron microscopes that probe different zones of the specimen. Transmission microscopes uncover the volume processes of free-standing films that often mimic bulk material. Properties of the top layers of a surface are successfully studied by the photoelectron microscope. Reflection electron microscopy gives access to the space above the surface of the specimen. These three types of electron microscopes are adapted to investigations of fast processes in their specific domain.
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