High Yielding Conditions of Rice Cultivar “Niji-no-kirameki” in Flooded Direct-Sowing Cultivations in the Hokuriku Region

In order to contend with decreasing gross amounts and soaring costs, viable rice production in Japan requires high yield levels. This study assessed the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and soil chemical properties on rice yield. Data were recorded in 2014 and 2015 from 93 paddy fields at a farm larger than 30 ha in Hokuriku Region, Japan. Koshihikari, the most widely planted rice variety in Japan, was cultivated in the sampled fields. Soil chemical properties were quantified using 12 variables, namely pH, cation exchange capacity, phosphoric acid content, silicic acid content, content and saturation of the three exchangeable bases, and the equivalent ratios of calcium to magnesium and magnesium to potassium. Three principal components (PCs) were extracted explaining 76% of the total variation and comprised mainly the magnesium (PC1), potassium (PC2), and acidity–basicity (PC3) variables. The multivariate regression model retained significant determinants, with the standardized principal components (SPCs) and the time trend explaining 66.6% of the total variation. The results showed that higher squared values of SPC1 positively related to rice yield, while SPC2 and SPC3 increased rice yield up to a threshold, at which point increases plateaued. These findings were then confirmed through correlation analyses between each soil chemical property and both the PCs and rice yield. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer was insignificant, due to low variation among the paddy fields in which the special cultivation regime was adopted. Further investigations were conducted into countermeasures to improve soil chemical properties, especially those highly related to SPC2 and SPC3.

This paper describes the features of new characteristic rice cultivars developed in the Hokuriku region, especially Hokuriku 166 (floury mutant rice) and Hokuriku 169 (sugary mutant rice), in comparison with Koshihikari. Using Hokuriku 166, it is easy to make fine rice flour because the starch granules for this cultivar are globular and small. Therefore, this cultivar is popular because it is easy to handle. Hokuriku 169 has a high proportion of bran and high γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content. The fineness of Hokuriku 166 rice flour and the component parts of Hokuriku 169 are promising as raw material for processing.

水稲品種「にじのきらめき」は北陸地域で中生熟期の多収良食味品種である．本研究では「にじのきらめき」の多収と良食味が両立可能な栽培法を開発するために，収量・収量構成要素・食味関連形質の関係や，目標籾数を達成するための穂揃期の窒素栄養状態，および穂首分化期の生育量と穂肥窒素量との関係，を明らかにすることを目指した．精玄米重 （収量） は単位面積あたりの籾数や穂数と正の相関関係があり，両形質の関係はそれぞれ回帰式で表すことができた．また同じ総窒素施用量でも分施体系 （穂肥あり） により精玄米重は増加した．炊き上がり直後の食味官能試験において，玄米タンパク質含有率と食味相対値 （総合）または粒厚との関係には負の相関関係があった．これらの結果の解析により，籾数37.5千粒 m–2，玄米タンパク質含有率 （水分15％換算） 6.5％以下で精玄米重は700 g m–2を少し上回り，多収と良食味が両立できると考えられた．籾数37.5千粒 m–2を達成するための穂揃期における地上部窒素吸収量の理論値は13.2 g m–2であった．適正な穂首分化期における生育指標値（草丈 cm×茎数 本 m–2×SPAD）は18.2～21.9であり，籾数37.5千粒 m–2を達成するために必要な穂肥窒素量は生育指標値に応じて2～4 g m–2と推定された．以上の結果より，本研究では北陸地域において「にじのきらめき」の多収と良食味の両立に重要な役割を果たす穂首分化期・穂揃期・成熟期の諸形質の条件を提示することができた．

Characteristics of Yield Components Suitable for High Yield in the Hokuriku Region by Cultivating High-Yielding Soybean Lines for Domestic Production under Development

北陸地域において，移植時期の作業分散を可能にする4月20日頃の極端な早植栽培をインド型および日本型多収品種に適応可能であるか検証するため，乾物重の推移と収量を早植栽培と普通植栽培で比較した．まず播種後15日の苗を用いた低温感受性試験において，供試したインド型多収品種「北陸193号」と「オオナリ」が日本型多収品種「あきだわら」と比較し，低温に弱いことを確認した．早植栽培における移植後3日間の平均気温は試験を行った4か年では7.8から17.3℃であり，極めて低い年もあった．そのため早植栽培では，インド型品種において，移植直後に全体に黄化し，下位葉や葉の先端を中心に葉が枯死した．この症状は気温の上昇とともに回復したものの，乾物重の推移から推定される，移植から成長の立ち上がりまでの期間はいずれの品種とも早植栽培の方が長かった．しかし，到穂日数も長かったため，成長の立ち上がりから出穂までの期間で表される出穂までの実質的な生育期間に作期間差はなかった．早植栽培では，暦日の出穂日は普通植栽培より早く，登熟期間の日射量は増加傾向にあった．結果として，全ての年次，品種において，平均精玄米収量が早植栽培により低くなることはなく，「北陸193号」ではむしろ高くなっていた．よってこの早植栽培技術は春先の作業競合を緩和できる有効な栽培技術の1つである可能性が示された．

Studies on the Stable and Low Cost Production of Rice Cultivar “Koshihikari” in Hokuriku Region

北陸地域における良質,良食味を含む優良水稲品種育成への貢献(北陸作物学会賞(功労賞))

Flowering Period of Major Rice Cultivars in Hokuriku Region and Direction and Velocity of Wind during the Flowering Period

This paper describes the features of new characteristic rice cultivars developed in the Hokuriku region, especially Hokuriku 166 (floury mutant rice) and Hokuriku 169 (sugary mutant rice), in comparison with Koshihikari. Using Hokuriku 166, it is easy to make fine rice flour because the starch granules for this cultivar are globular and small. Therefore, this cultivar is popular because it is easy to handle. Hokuriku 169 has a high proportion of bran and high γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content. The fineness of Hokuriku 166 rice flour and the component parts of Hokuriku 169 are promising as raw material for processing.

福井県におけるコシヒカリの高温登熟回避の試み : "適期田植え"の普及と品質食味の解析を中心に(売れるコメ-北陸地域における玄米外観品質向上の取り組み-)

Effect of the reduced nitrogen fertilizer cultivation with controlled-release fertilizer on the growth and grain yield of high yielding rice variety "Hokuriku 193" in the Hokuriku region

Evaluation of characteristics in rice varieties correlated with seedling growth in direct seeding under submerged conditions in Hokuriku region

北陸地域において早生で極良食味の水稲新品種「つきあかり」は,同熟期の「あきたこまち」に比べて10%程度の多収を示す品種として栽培地域が拡大している.本研究では北陸地域での成熟期の諸形質の解析を通じ,「つきあかり」の多収条件を明らかにしようとした.2017~2019年の3年間で計47区の調査を行った結果,「つきあかり」における精玄米重は750 g m–2程度で頭打ちになった.また精玄米重750 g m–2の多収を達成し得る収量構成要素の理論値を,精玄米重や単位面積あたり籾数,その他の収量構成要素との有意な相関関係から算出したところ,籾数は35.7千粒 m–2,穂数は423本 m–2,登熟歩合は83.8%,千粒重は25.1 gであった.地上部窒素吸収量は14.0 g m–2であった.登熟期に異常高温であった2019年を除いた2017年と2018年の単位面積あたり籾数と整粒歩合との負の相関関係より,籾数の制御は高い外観品質の維持に重要であり,籾数35.7千粒 m–2のとき,整粒歩合は72.5%,玄米タンパク質含有率は7.1%であった.また精玄米重750 g m–2のときの稈長は80.4 cmであり,稈長を80㎝程度に制御することは倒伏の回避に重要であることが分かった.以上の結果より,北陸地域において「つきあかり」は登熟期の異常高温に遭遇しない限り,精玄米重750 g m–2の多収かつ整粒歩合70%以上,玄米タンパク質含有率7.0%程度の高品質なコメを倒伏を抑えつつ栽培することが可能な品種であることが示された.

A number of methods have been proposed for the modification of the Ritter reaction. However, many of these methods involve the use of strongly acidic conditions, stoichiometric amounts of reagents, harsh reaction conditions and extended reaction times. Therefore, the development of mild, efficient, convenient and benign reagents for the Ritter reaction is desirable. In this research, we have developed a clean and environmentally friendly protocol for the synthesis of amides by using different benzylic or tertiary alcohols and different nitriles in the presence of silica-bonded N- propyl sulphamic acid (SBNPSA) as catalyst under solvent-free conditions in high yields. A clean and environmentally friendly protocol was developed for the synthesis of amides by using different benzylic or tertiary alcohols and different nitriles in the presence of silica-bonded N- propyl sulphamic acid (SBNPSA) as catalyst under solvent-free conditions in high yields.

Abstract1‐Aryl/alkyl‐1H‐1,2,3,4‐tetrazoles can conveniently be synthesized in one‐pot reactions from the corresponding amines by reaction with TMSN3 and CH(OEt)3 using the readily available, recyclable, Brønsted acidic ionic liquids [EtNH3][NO3] IL‐1 and [PMIM(SO3 H)][OTf] IL‐2 under mild conditions in high yields. Based on comparative reactions, whereas both ILs are excellent promoters, reactions are completed with shorter reaction times and in higher yields with IL‐2. Among 24 examples provided, identical products were obtained via the two ILs, except in the case of 2‐aminobenzoic acid where tetrazole was formed with IL‐2 and 2‐ethylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐one was formed with IL‐1. By leaving out TMS‐N3 from the reaction, the in‐situ formed CH(OEt)2+ and EtC(OEt)2+ (via their corresponding orthoesters) react under sonication with o‐phenylenediamine bearing various substituents, o‐aminothiophenol and o‐aminophenol to form a wide array of benzazoles (benzimidazole, benzothiazole and benzoxazole) and quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one in high yields (18 examples). The two ILs reacted differently in reaction with 2‐aminobenzamide, whereas quinazolin‐4(3H)one was formed with IL‐2/CH(OEt)3, the “unexpected” N‐ethylquinazolin‐4(3H)one was isolated with IL‐1/CH(OEt)3. The latter was also formed from 2‐aminobenzoic acid in IL‐1/CH(OEt)3. Mechanistic implications are addressed. The reported protocols enable rapid assembly of a host of heterocyclic systems in high yields with the added advantage of recycling and re‐use of the ILs.