High-Consistency Foam Pilot Process for Producing Fibrous Cushion Material

This study deals with simulation model of Foam Assisted Water Alternating Gas (FAWAG) method that had been implemented to two Norwegian Reservoirs. Being studied on number of pilot projects, the method proved successful, but Field Scale simulation was never understood properly. New phenomenological foam model was tested with sensitivity analysis on foam properties to provide a guideline for the history matching process (GOR alteration) of FAWAG Pilot of Snorre Field (Statoil). The aim was to check the authenticity of presented new foam model in commercial software whether it is implementable on a complex geological model for quick feasibility studies, either for onward practical pilot or as justification for more detailed technical study. The simulation showed that Foam model is applicable. The mismatch between history and actual GOR in some periods of injection is due to the complexity of the fluid flows control inside reservoir. The way; how specific properties control the time of gas arrival and values of GOR are described. The analyses of the improvements in the injection schedule are shown. With increasing number of CO2 and FAWAG methods in preparation worldwide, the use of the simulation contributes to more precise planning of the schedule of water and gas injection, prediction of the injection results and evaluation of the method efficiency. The testing of the surfactant properties allows making grounded choice of surfactant to use. The analysis of the history match gives insight in the physics of in-situ processes. Detailed Qualitative analysis is presented for foam modeling against the FAWAG historical data that provides sharp idea of the behavior of Foam model for different foam factors, which in turn provides reasons for the unpredictable foam behavior in WFB Project and also serve as quick reference for future general foam pilot simulations at field scale.

The LTG approach employs surfactants to reduce the interfacial tension between water and oil, facilitating the mobilization of residual oil alongside foam for effective conformance control. This pilot was initiated to gather data to address critical remaining uncertainties and threats militating against full maturation of the opportunity. This paper sheds some light on the outcomes and insights extracted from the surveillance log data that played a crucial role in affirming if the first Oman foam pilot for LTG flooding is a success. Surveillance logging data played a pivotal role in determining the distribution of injected fluids and quantifying fluids saturation over the trial period. Advanced pulsed neutron technology and injection logging data from two wells within the carbonate field were utilized for the evaluation. The injection strategy for two wells comprised multiple cycles of immiscible Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) injection using N2 to establish a baseline, succeeded by multiple cycles of Surfactant Alternating Gas (SAG) injection for foam generation. A comprehensive surveillance program was deployed for continuous monitoring of pressure responses, saturation profiles, injection conformance, and reservoir fluid dynamics, enabling a thorough assessment of the SAG flooding process. Injection Logging data was undertaken for conformance monitoring during the injection phase. Analysis of pressure and temperature data was performed before and after injections to identify any potential occurrences of crossflow during shut-in phases. Additionally, advanced pulsed neutron data was acquired to monitor changes in gas, oil, and water saturation over time following each injection stage. Interpretation of petrophysical advanced pulsed neutron and injection logging data, aided in assessing saturations within the relevant formations both before and after injections. Additionally, the injection logging data provided insights into injection intervals, assisting in the evaluation of fluid injection, and facilitating the planning of subsequent injection phases. The integration of these findings enabled one of the key project objectives to establish if foams can be generated during this LTG pilot process to be addressed. The pre job planning and real-time support for data acquisition, rush interpretation, and integration of findings enables the team to efficiently strategize operations at each injection. Successful integration of pulsed neutron data and PLT data with the help of advanced log interpretation helped to establish that foam was generated from Low-tension gas flooding process in the carbonate reservoir.