Abstract
A chemical non-equilibrium equation for binding of massless quarks to antiquarks, combined with the spatial correlations occurring in the condensation process, yields a density dependent form of the double-well potential in the electroweak theory. The Higgs boson acquires mass, valence quarks emerge and antiparticles become suppressed when the system relaxes and symmetry breaks down. The hitherto unknown dimensionless coupling parameter to the superconductor-like potential becomes a re-gulator of the quark-antiquark asymmetry. Only a small amount of quarks become “visible”—the valence quarks, which are 13% of the total sum of all quarks and antiquarks—suggesting that the quarks-antiquark pair components of the becoming quark-antiquark sea play the role of dark matter. When quark-masses are in-weighted, this number approaches the observed ratio between ordinary matter and the sum of ordinary and dark matter. The model also provides a chemical non-equilibrium explanation for the information loss in black holes, such as of baryon number.
Highlights
Two ways for explaining the origin of mass, QCD and confinement of quarks and the Higgs-mechanism in the electroweak (EW) theory have been discussed by Wilczek: “Superficially those mechanisms appear quite different, but at a fundamental level they are essentially the same” [1]
A chemical non-equilibrium equation for binding of massless quarks to antiquarks, combined with the spatial correlations occurring in the condensation process, yields a density dependent form of the double-well potential in the electroweak theory
A small amount of quarks become “visible”—the valence quarks, which are 13% of the total sum of all quarks and antiquarks—suggesting that the quarks-antiquark pair components of the becoming quarkantiquark sea play the role of dark matter
Summary
Two ways for explaining the origin of mass, QCD and confinement of quarks and the Higgs-mechanism in the electroweak (EW) theory have been discussed by Wilczek: “Superficially those mechanisms appear quite different, but at a fundamental level they are essentially the same” [1] Such a relationship is derived here in a chemical nonequilibrium model for binding massless quarks to their respective antiquarks. To create a proton or neutron, with massive valence quarks and a spatially correlated quark-antiquark sea from a gas-like state of equal densities of free massless quarks (q) and antiquarks (q ) , the gas must condense and the number (density) of quarks must increase relative to the number (density) of antiquarks This implies that the binding of quarks to antiquarks takes place at chemical non-equilibrium conditions.
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