Abstract
Background: Higenamine is a β2 agonist of plant origin. The compound has been included in WADA’s prohibited list since 2017. Higenamine may be detected in different plants and many food supplements of natural origin. Methods: Our literature search was conducted through PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science studies investigating the presence of higenamine in plants that are used in traditional folk medicine or included in food supplements. Our study aimed to assess the risk of adverse analytical findings caused by higenamine-containing plants. Results: Based on our literature search, Nelumbo nucifera, Tinospora crispa, Nandina domestica, Gnetum parvifolium, Asarum siebodii, Asarum heterotropoides, Aconitum carmichaelii, and Aristolochia brasiliensis are higenamine-containing plants. Based on data from Eastern folk medicine, these plants can provide numerous health benefits. Professional athletes likely ingest these plants without knowing that they contain higenamine; these herbs are used in treatments for different conditions and various foods/food supplements in addition to folk medicine. Conclusion: Athletes and their teams must be aware of the issues associated with the use of plant-based products. They should avoid consuming higenamine-containing plants during and outside of competition periods.
Highlights
IntroductionPlant species are one of the most significant sources for current drug discovery [1]
Plant species are one of the most significant sources for current drug discovery [1].Many important medicines have plant origins, and there are still thousands of unexplored molecules that have obtained from plants
Data from our bibliographic review indicate that higenamine is found in various plants, including Aconitum spp. [60,61], Tinospora crispa (Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f
Summary
Plant species are one of the most significant sources for current drug discovery [1]. Many important medicines have plant origins, and there are still thousands of unexplored molecules that have obtained from plants. Many plant extracts are included in food supplements. The use of these extracts are often based on data available from folk medicine. The use of herbal supplements by athletes increased in the last 10 years [2]. Herbal food supplements include extracts from seeds, roots, leaves, berries, or whole plants
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