HIERARCHICAL CORRELATION OF JOINT PATTERNS OF URBAN PROTESTS

CHRONOBIOLOGY investigates biologic rhythms that are involved in the organization of living organisms. Biologic rhythms consist of variations of biologic phenomena that are periodic and foreseeable in time. They are genetically determined as indicated by their persistence during constant conditions such as continuous light or darkness. Temporal variations in cycles of light– dark, rest–activity, fasting–eating, and other environmental conditions, defined as synchronizers, give the organism temporal markers and thus impose their period on these biologic rhythms. These rhythms can therefore be characterized by different periods, leading to the division of circadian (a period of approximately 24 h), ultradian (a cycle that is shorter than 1 day), and infradian (a cycle that may last weeks, months, or seasons). These clocks influence how our bodies change throughout the day, affecting blood pressure, activity of the immune system, blood coagulation, and gastric and renal functions. Almost all hormones are regulated by circadian rhythms. For example, cortisol naturally decreases to its lowest concentrations at bedtime and reaches its highest concentrations during the early waking hours. This variation may be fit to a sinusoidal function by the cosinor method, a linear method of least squares (fig. 1). This function is characterized by parameters such as the midline-estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR), i.e., the mean level that is equal to the 24-h average), amplitude (half of the peak-to-trough difference of the fitted cosinus function), and acrophase (the crest time of rhythm given in degrees, where 360° corresponds to a 24-h cycle, or in hours and minutes). Other methods, such as Fourier transformation, may be used to detect the periodicity of the rhythm. Biologic rhythms are influenced by socioecologic factors, such as jet lag and shiftwork, as well as by illness and drugs. Available clinical data have shown that signs and symptoms are not constant over time and often have cyclic patterns. More strokes and heart attacks occur in the morning compared with any other time of day, and people with osteoarthritis tend to feel less pain in the morning than at night. Studies also suggest that chemotherapy and treatments for asthma and arthritis may be more effective and less toxic if drugs are administered at carefully selected times. Taking into account the circadian rhythms for medical treatment by choosing the time of day for drug administration is called chronotherapy. Drug effects can be optimized and side effects can be reduced by basing drug administration on the circadian patterns of a disease. Chronopharmacology is the study of the influence of the moment of administration of a drug (hour, month, and year) on its response according to the temporal structure of the organism receiving it. Chronopharmacology also studies the drug-induced alterations of biologic rhythms. Two aspects of chronopharmacology must be distinguished: the time of administration of a drug may determine a different response from a qualitative or a quantitative point of view (chronopharmacodynamics) and/or a different effective drug concentration (chronopharmacokinetics). Pharmacokinetic parameters are influenced by different physiologic functions displaying circadian rhythm. Temporal changes of drug kinetics have been reported in animals and humans for more than a hundred drugs, including anesthetics. It has been shown, for example, that despite a constant infusion rate of heparin, the risk of bleeding and the activated partial thromboplastin are higher at night. Chronopharmacokinetic data may partly explain chronopharmacodynamic phenomena. Knowledge of the influence of the time of administration on the drug kinetics could therefore have implications for its prescription by modulating the distribution of the total daily dose over a 24-h period. The aim of this review is to provide an update on the chronobiologic and chronopharmacologic findings that could have an impact on the daily practice of anesthesiology and/or research in this area.

Nymphal Ixodes dammini: Models of the temporal abundance patterns

Controls on variations in MODIS fire radiative power in Alaskan boreal forests: Implications for fire severity conditions

ContextForest restoration plays an important role in global efforts to slow biodiversity loss and mitigate climate change. Vegetation in remnant forests can form striking patterns that relate to ecological processes, but restoration targets tend to overlook spatial pattern. While observations of intact reference ecosystems can help to inform restoration targets, field surveys are ill-equipped to map and quantify spatial pattern at a range of scales, and new approaches are needed.ObjectiveThis review sought to explore practical options for creating landscape-scale forest restoration targets that embrace spatial pattern.MethodsWe assessed how hierarchy theory, satellite remote sensing, landscape pattern analysis, drone-based remote sensing and spatial point pattern analysis could be applied to assess the spatial pattern of reference landscapes and inform forest restoration targets.ResultsHierarchy theory provides an intuitive framework for stratifying landscapes as nested hierarchies of sub-catchments, forest patches and stands of trees. Several publicly available tools can map patches within landscapes, and landscape pattern analysis can be applied to quantify the spatial pattern of these patches. Drones can collect point clouds and orthomosaics at the stand scale, a plethora of software can create maps of individual trees, and spatial point pattern analysis can be applied to quantify the spatial pattern of mapped trees.ConclusionsThis review explored several practical options for producing landscape scale forest restoration targets that embrace spatial pattern. With the decade on ecosystem restoration underway, there is a pressing need to refine and operationalise these ideas.

The dockless bike-sharing system has rapidly expanded worldwide and has been widely used as an intermodal transport to connect with public transportation. However, higher flexibility may cause an imbalance between supply and demand during daily operation, especially around the metro stations. A stable and efficient rebalancing model requires spatio-temporal usage patterns as fundamental inputs. Therefore, understanding the spatio-temporal patterns and correlates is important for optimizing and rescheduling bike-sharing systems. This study proposed a dynamic time warping distance-based two-dimensional clustering method to quantify spatio-temporal patterns of dockless shared bikes in Wuhan and further applied the multiclass explainable boosting machine to explore the main related factors of these patterns. The results found six patterns on weekdays and four patterns on weekends. Three patterns show the imbalance of arrival and departure flow in the morning and evening peak hours, while these phenomena become less intensive on weekends. Road density, living service facility density and residential density are the top influencing factors on both weekdays and weekends, which means that the comprehensive impact of built-up environment attraction, facility suitability and riding demand leads to the different usage patterns. The nonlinear influence universally exists, and the probability of a certain pattern varies in different value ranges of variables. When the densities of living facilities and roads are moderate and the relationship between job and housing is relatively balanced, it can effectively promote the balanced usage of dockless shared bikes while maintaining high riding flow. The spatio-temporal patterns can identify the associated problems such as imbalance or lack of users, which could be mitigated by corresponding solutions. The relative importance and nonlinear effects help planners prioritize strategies and identify effective ranges on different patterns to promote the usage and efficiency of the bike-sharing system.

Foraging activity of insectivorous bats was studied from April through October in central Iowa. Temporal activity was quantified by recording capture times throughout feeding periods, and spatial patterns were examined by measuring the abundance and diversity of species in three contrasting habitats. Six species, Myotis lucifugus, Myotis keenii, Lasionycteris noctimgans, Eptesicus fuscus, Lasiurus borealis, and Lasiurus cinereus, were characterized by initial periods of foraging occurring within 5 hours after sunset. Myotis keenii and L. noctivagans had distinct secondary periods of activity, but other species showed only minor secondary periods, or complete cessation of activity, following the initial foraging period. The modes of initial and secondary activity of L. noctivagans, L. borealis and L. cinereus showed almost complete displacement and corresponded to peak periods of nocturnal insect activity, suggesting a mechanism by which some insectivorous bats may partition environmental resources. Those species showing overlap in temporal foraging (M. keenii and L. noctivagans on the one hand, and M. lucifugus, E. fuscus, and L. borealis on the other) may have evolved spatial strategies to reduce competition for resources. Intraspecific foraging patterns of three species examined may reflect resource partitioning or, alternatively, secondary foraging activity owing to different energy demands of young and lactating females.

Understanding long-term movement ecology is critical for conserving endangered species; however, comprehensive spatiotemporal analyses remain limited. In this study, we leveraged a decade-long GPS tracking dataset (2014-2024) of 31 endangered Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) individuals to elucidate their spatiotemporal behavioral patterns. The study focused on three key aspects: (1) fidelity to nesting, foraging, and roosting sites; (2) movement patterns and their ecological drivers; and (3) foraging habitat preferences across regions and activity periods. The results revealed exceptional fidelity to nesting, foraging (mean value = 0.253), and roosting sites (mean value = 0.261), underscoring the species' pronounced spatial memory. Temporal factors emerged as the primary drivers of movement patterns, demonstrated by a significant annual reduction in home range size (p < 0.01) and a decline in daily flight distance in 2019 (β = -1890 ± 772 m, p < 0.05) and 2022 (p = 0.052). Behavioral factors also significantly influenced daily flight distance, with notable variations across different activity periods. Foraging habitat selection exhibited considerable spatial heterogeneity (14.2% constrained variance, p < 0.01). Cultivated lands, particularly paddy fields (Yangxian population) and drylands (Tongchuan population), served as core foraging zones. In contrast, spatiotemporal variables such as age had limited effects (<5% variance). This study provides the first empirical evidence of long-term site fidelity and habitat partitioning in the Crested Ibis, emphasizing the importance of landscape-level conservation planning. To this end, we propose two targeted strategies: establishing habitat corridors to enhance connectivity and safeguarding stable foraging areas within agricultural landscapes. These findings contribute to movement ecology theory while offering actionable frameworks for endangered species management.

For the development of commercially viable catalyst systems for the polymerization of propylene oxide (PO), a series of double metal cyanide (DMC) complexes have been developed by reacting aqueous zinc(II) chloride with aqueous potassium hexacyanocobaltate(III) in the presence of various complexing agents (CAs) such as 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-propoxyethanol, 2-butoxyethanol (BE), 1-methoxypropan-2-ol, 1-ethoxypropan-2-ol, 1-propoxypropan-2-ol, and 1-butoxypropan-2-ol (BP) with different polarities and tert-butyl alcohol (tBuOH). The catalyst composition was estimated by combining elemental analysis with thermogravimertic analysis. The coordination of the CA can be identified by employing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction patterns, and infrared spectroscopy of the catalysts. Pursuing a catalyst system showing favorable polymerization behavior for commercial aspects of both catalytic activity and reaction control, the kinetics of PO polymerizations were investigated by using 4...

In this chapter, we discuss methods to manage the spread of grapevine leafroll disease in the vineyard itself. We briefly describe the viruses and vectors involved and present epidemiological properties of the virus-vector relationship that are relevant to the management of the disease. We review natural spread of the disease, the rate of spread, and the spatiotemporal disease patterns commonly observed. We provide theoretical and proven vector dispersal and virus transmission mechanisms to explain these spatiotemporal patterns. We provide methods and protocols to prevent primary spread of the virus by infected planting material or from other infected vineyards (proximal, at some distance, adjoining, and preceding) and also how to prevent secondary spread of the disease by roguing. We discuss the critical aspect of vector control to achieve this. A few examples of successful leafroll management are provided. Deficiencies in our knowledge and potential future studies are mentioned throughout the chapter.

Dynamics, control and information in delay-coupled systems: an overview

This study delves into the Warsaw Natural System (WNS) in Warsaw, Poland, and its efficacy in regulating urban development within the city. The paper is divided into three main sections, each addressing a distinct aspect of urban development control. Firstly, the paper examines how WNS effectively manages outward urban expansion through the strategic use of wedge-shaped green spaces. Empirical evidence demonstrates the WNS's success in curbing urban sprawl and maintaining a balanced spatial layout. Secondly, the study investigates how the WNS controls inward urban over-development by employing small urban green spaces interconnected throughout the city. The analysis highlights the effectiveness of this approach in creating fragmented urban development, and preventing excessive density. Thirdly, the paper explores how the WNS contributes to the resilience of urban development by enhancing functional diversity within urban green spaces, and how this diversity enriches the lives of urban residents and sustains the WNS's spatial pattern, offering long-term control over urban space development. In addition to its strengths, the study also identifies existing shortcomings within the WNS and proposes recommendations for future improvement, aiming to enhance its effectiveness in controlling urban development. This research provides valuable insights into sustainable urban planning practices and underscores the importance of adaptable green infrastructure in shaping cities for the future.

This study investigates in detail how mitral cell activity is distributed during the respiratory cycle in freely breathing animals and how this temporal pattern changes under odour stimulation. Results were obtained from 1408 sequences composed of a 30-s period of spontaneous activity followed by a 10-s period of stimulation. Spontaneously, a majority of the patterns did not show any clear relationship with respiration and were categorized as unsynchronized. Stimulations evoked a high proportion of synchronized patterns. About 40% displayed a single period of firing rate increase superimposed on no background activity or on sustained background activity, and were categorized as simple excitatory synchronized patterns. Thirty-six per cent showed a single inhibitory trough, and were categorized as simple suppressive synchronized patterns, whereas the remaining 24% showed a succession of peaks and troughs, and were categorized as complex synchronized patterns. Under pure air delivery, the position in time of the firing peak in simple excitatory synchronized patterns was found to be generally phase-locked on late inhalation and early exhalation. During stimulation, its position did not change in patterns which originated from spontaneous patterns having the same type whereas it was shifted towards earlier portions of the cycle in patterns originating from another type. Lastly, the possibilities of transition between spontaneous and odour-evoked patterns seemed to follow general rules. Whereas any type of spontaneous patterns may transform into any other type under stimulation, a majority of synchronized odour response patterns originated from unsynchronized spontaneous patterns. This may reflect some potential of cells having a non-modulated spontaneous activity to be more responsive to peripheral inputs.

Patterns of abundance across space and time, and intraspecific variation in body size, are two species attributes known to influence diet breadth and the structure of interaction networks. Yet, the relative influence of these attributes on diet breadth is often assumed to be equal among taxonomic groups, and the relationship between intraspecific variation in body size on interaction patterns is frequently neglected. We observed bee–flower interactions in multiple locations across Montana, USA, for two growing seasons and measured spatial and temporal patterns of abundance, along with interspecific and intraspecific variation in body size for prevalent species. We predicted that the association between spatial and temporal patterns of abundance and intraspecific variation in body size, and diet breadth, would be stronger for bumble bee compared to non-bumble bee species, because species with flexible diets and long activity periods can interact with more food items. Bumble bees had higher local abundance, occurred in many local communities, more intraspecific variation in body size, and longer phenophases compared to non-bumble bee species, but only local abundance and phenophase duration had a stronger positive association with the diet breadth of bumble bee compared to non-bumble bee species. Communities with a higher proportion of bumble bees also had higher intraspecific variation in body size at the network-level, and network-level intraspecific variation in body size was positively correlated with diet generalization. Our findings highlight that the association between species attributes and diet breadth changes depending on the taxonomic group, with implications for the structure of interaction networks.

Prey diversity and temporal foraging patterns of six abundant. predatory ant species were investigated Seasonally in an agroecosystem with two main vegetable crops. Pheidole sp. demonstrated the highest predation success and therefore appears to be the dominant species while Tapinoma melanocephalum showed the lowest success under the natural field conditions. Investigation of prey diversity and temporal activity patterns with the null model tests of niche overlap revealed a significant overlap indicating that the activity periods and prey diversity may not be solely influenced by interactions among the co-existing ant species. However, niche partitioning in the daily peak activity periods was demonstrated during all the three seasons (summer, rainy and winter) particularly between Pheidole sp. and T. melanocephalum. Pheidole sp. exhibited a high intensity, broadly extended mono-modal foraging patterns. Camponotus compressus and C. paria showed bi-modality in their foraging activity during the rainy season and mono-modal patterns during summer and winter seasons. Pachycondyla tesserinoda, Tetramorium sp. and T. melanocephalum exhibited peak foraging artivities in the morning hours during the summer and rainy seasons. The activity profiles of C. compressus and T. melanocephalum were skewed towards late afternoon hours during the winter season indicating avoidance of foraging activity during the favourable periods when the more aggressive Pheidole sp. is active. In the sponge gourd agroccosystem, the ants captured predominantly hymenopteran, orthopteran and coleopteran insects. While Pheidole sp. hunted mainly the large orthopteran prey, other ant species captured worker ants in the sponge gourd agroecosystem. In the cauliflower agroecosystem, while other species captured prey chiefly belonging to six orders, i. e., Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Isoptera and Diptera, Pheidole sp. and P. tesserinoda were the only species to also hunt many orthopteran prey. The agroecosystem-inhabiting ant species prey on a large number and wide variety of insect herbivores as evident from the differences in the peak foraging times and the proportion of each type of prey hunted. Overall, our results indicate that the structure of agroecosystem-inhabiting ant assemblage may be influenced by a variety of factors including competition, temporal heterogeneities, prey availability and its characteristics such as size and mobility.

Ecological dynamics can produce a variety of striking patterns. On ecological time scales, pattern formation has been hypothesized to be due to the interaction between a species and its local environment. On longer time scales, evolutionary factors must be taken into account. To examine the evolutionary robustness of spatial pattern formation, we construct a spatially explicit model of vegetation in the presence of a pathogen. Initially, we compare the dynamics for vegetation parameters that lead to competition induced spatial patterns and those that do not. Over ecological time scales, banded spatial patterns dramatically reduced the ability of the pathogen to spread, lowered its endemic density and hence increased the persistence of the vegetation. To gain an evolutionary understanding, each plant was given a heritable trait defining its resilience to competition; greater competition leads to lower vegetation density but stronger spatial patterns. When a disease is introduced, the selective pressure on the plant's resilience to the competition parameter is determined by the transmission of the disease. For high transmission, vegetation that has low resilience to competition and hence strong spatial patterning is an evolutionarily stable strategy. This demonstrates a novel mechanism by which striking spatial patterns can be maintained by disease-driven selection.