Hidrogênio natural: convertendo o conhecimento exploratório de óleo e gás para a diversificação energética

In the past few decades, the petroleum industry has seen great exploration successes in petroliferous sedimentary basins worldwide; however, the net volume of hydrocarbons discovered each year has been declining since the late 1970s, and the number of new field discoveries per year has dropped since the early 1990s. We are finding hydrocarbons in more difficult places and in more subtle traps. Although geophysical and engineering technologies are crucial to much of the exploration success, fundamentally, the success is dependent on innovative play concepts associated with spatial and temporal relationships among deformation, deposition, and hydrocarbon accumulation. Unraveling the dynamic interplay among tectonics, sedimentation, and petroleum systems in the subsurface is a challenge and relies on an integrated approach that combines seismic imaging, well logging, physical and/or computational modeling, as well as outcrop analogs. In recent decades, an increasing coverage of high-quality three-dimensional (3-D) seismic data, along with state-of-the-art 3-D visualization technologies, extensive well tests, sophisticated modeling capabilities, and field (outcrop) analogs, has significantly added to our understanding of subsurface complexities in structure, stratigraphy, and petroleum systems. This volume is intended to provide a snapshot of the most recent advances in petroleum exploration by presenting state-of-the-art reviews and overviews, current case studies, and the latest modeling results. The reviews and overviews offer the current status of knowledge in extensional, strike-slip, and contractional tectonic settings, as well as their influence on sedimentation and hydrocarbon accumulation. The case studies cover diverse geologic settings, with special reference to the most prolific high-profile frontier sedimentary basins, suchas those in west Africa, east Africa, east Brazil, Gulf of Mexico, South China Sea, Russian Arctic, and the Mediterranean Sea. The models provide both numerical and physical simulations of basin structures as well as their spatial variation and temporal evolution in response to different tectonic processes. The objective of this volume is to contribute toward an enhanced understanding of the spatial and temporal relationships among tectonics of different structural styles, syntectonic sedimentation, and hydrocarbon accumulation. Achieving this objective is the key to overcoming the challenges that we face in the exploration for hydrocarbons in complex reservoirs, subtle traps, and in increasingly difficult places at a time of growing global demand for energy.

Hydrogen produced via water electrolysis has attracted attention as a next-generation secondary energy source because of its high mass energy density and its ability to be produced by low greenhouse gas emissions during water electrolysis. In contrast to hydrogen generation at the cathode in water electrolysis, oxygen production at the anode via water electrolysis, requires a high overpotential. In this study, glycerol oxidation, which produces fine chemicals, was used to reduce the overpotential of the anode reaction. Platinum is a highly active catalyst for both hydrogen production and glycerol oxidation; however, it is not suitable for large-scale operations because of its high cost. To reduce the amount of platinum used, mesoporous platinum was electrochemically deposited on multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) film electrodes,to prepare electrodes with excellent conductivity and a large Pt surface area. The three-dimensional structure of the porous composite thin-film influences the mass transfer of products associated with hydrogen production and glycerol oxidation. Furthermore, the morphology of mesoporous Pt can nfluence electrohemical activities for these reactions by changing the surface structure of platinum. In this study, we investigated the effects of potential and the amount of electricity applied during mesoporous Pt deposition, resulting in different Pt morphologies, on the electrochemical activities for hydrogen production and glycerol oxidation at thin-film electrodes. MWCNTs were deposited on the ITO substrate via electrophoresis using sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) as a surfactant. Subsequently, Pt particles were deposited on the MWCNT film electrodes via chronoamperometry in a solution containing Pt ion and Brij58. The Pt particles were deposited until the amount of electric charges reached 100 mC, 300 mC, 500 mC, and 800 mC by applying different potentials to the MWCNT film electrode, i.e., -0.1 V, -0.3 V, -0.5 V, or -0.7 V. Subsequently, micelles of Brij58 embedded in the Pt particles were removed by immersing the electrodes in ethanol to prepare mesoporous Pt/MWCNT electrodes with pore sizes in Pt particles of 5-10 nm. To evaluate the electrochemical performance of the as-prepared electrodes for hydrogen production and glycerol oxidation, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and polarization curve measurements were performed in a 0.1 M glycerol solution containing 0.1 M NaOH. All electrochemical measurements were carried out using a three-electrode cell with an as-prepared electrode as the working electrode, Ag/AgCl (saturated KCl) as the reference electrode, and platinum wire as the counter electrode.As shown in Fig. 1 and 2, one main oxidation peak was observed in cyclic voltammograms measured in the glycerol solution for all mesoporous Pt particles/MWCNT electrodes at around 0.3 V, and additional oxidation peak was observed at nobler potential than the main peak when the amount of electric charge during platinum deposition was 300 mC and more for electrodes prepared at -0.1 V. These peaks are due to the oxidation current related to glycerol, as both of them were not observed in the 0.1 M NaOH solution. By increasing the electrical charges for Pt deposition, the oxidation peak potential at around 0.3 V was observed to shift to baser potential (Fig.1), which suggest better electrochemical activity. Comparing the voltammograms of electrodes prepared at different deposition potentials, the oxidation peak potential is the smallest for the electrode prepared at -0.3 V, and the oxidation peak current at around 0.3 V appeared to be larger when applying potential of -0.5 and -0.7 V (Fig.2). These changes both in the potential and current of the peak are partially due to the effect of the additional oxidation peak observed at nobler potential than the main peak, which was observed to shift to a baser potential by changing the deposition potential from -0.1 V to -0.7 V. The exchange current density calculated from the polarization curve was 4.64 mA/㎠ for hydrogen production and 9.12 mA/㎠ for glycerol oxidation for the Pt/MWCNT electrodes prepared at -0.5V with 300mC, showing the best electrochemical activity in both reactions among all the prepared-electrodes. The influence of the thin-film morphology is also discussed in this presentation. Figure 1

Development of a powerful miniature hydrogen catalytic combustion powered thermoelectric generator

The increasing availability of 3D seismic data and well logs from Ash Shaer Area has provided fundamental new insights into the Miocene igneous activity and its impacts on the petroleum system. The well logs, time slices, seismic attributes, and the seismic sections formed effective tools in delineating the igneous intrusions in the study area. Due to distinct geophysical property contrasts with host rocks (e.g., higher Vp, density, and resistivity than host rocks), intrusions were easily delineated on the well logs and then on the seismic data. The detailed analyses of 3D seismic data have provided valuable insights into the (1) interaction between strike-slip faults and igneous intrusion, (2) reservoir compartmentalization, and (3) geological risk in hydrocarbon exploration. Our analysis explained the bad reservoir properties (porosity and permeability) in some parts of the study area, which in turn explained why one of the drilled wells was a dry well. As a result of this study, a map of geological risk in hydrocarbon exploration and a schematic model of the reservoir formation in the Miocene have been generated.

Igneous intrusions in the Faroe Shetland basin and their implications for hydrocarbon exploration; new insights from well and seismic data

Near surface conditions in Saudi Arabia represent the major challenge for acquisition of reliable and meaningful land seismic data. In Saudi Aramco, a major effort is underway to investigate the benefits of integrating gravity and electromagnetic data with seismic data to better estimate near surface velocities for processing large 3D seismic volumes. In 2010 a gravity and electromagnetic acquisition program was carried out in three areas characterized by different near surface geologic conditions. The type of methodologies being employed consist of dedicated high-end electromagnetic and gravity acquisition specifications, geophysical data integration via simultaneous joint inversion, and seismic processing with advanced imaging workflows such as pre-stack redatuming (time) and pre-stack depth migration. Well log analysis in shallow boreholes provides the local petrophysical relationships among velocity, resistivity and density to be used in a simultaneous joint inversion scheme. Given the shallow targets, the resolution offered by the electromagnetic and gravity data is typically within the wavelength of the velocity anomalies affecting seismic imaging. Therefore, near surface non-seismic data act as an ideal complementary dataset to seismic. Results obtained to date reveal density and resistivity anomalies correlated with regions of poor seismic data quality. EM and gravity data analysis and inversion are being carried out in a singledomain approach as well as by applying quantitative simultaneous joint inversion schemes with seismic travel-time data. The generated near surface multi-parameter models are used to correct the seismic data with successive reprocessing in time and depth domains. Encouraging results are being observed from the reprocessing indicating that the multi-physics data and the quantitative integration schemes are succeeding in addressing the near surface velocity estimation problem.

Carbon capture and utilization: More than hiding CO2 for some time

Investigating hydrogen evolution reaction properties of a new honeycomb 2D AlC

Aqueous batteries have become a promising means of energy storage due to its environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, it often exhibits limited energy density that hinder their application. Considering that ammonium ion (NH4 +) has a low mass and a small hydration radius, aqueous ammonium ion batteries (AAIBs) are expected to solve the problem of low energy density. Herein, we obtain Vanadium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide aerogel (VOGA) by in-situ growth of VO2 on the graphene surface for interfacial electric field enhanced AAIBs to achieve high mass energy density. The VOGA free-standing electrode achieves a specific capacity of up to 655 mAg-1 at a current density of 0.5 Ag-1. And the mass energy density of the VOGA.

The hydrogen (H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) economy is a proposal for the distribution of energy using hydrogen as an energy carrier (due to its high mass energy density) for reducing green house gas emissions. Energy conversion from renewable energy (RE) sources with suitable energy storage can play an important role in the development and operation of RE systems. The integrated intermittent RE system, (e.g. wind, solar energy systems) based on energy storage in the form of electrolytic H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , is considered a promising alternative to overcome the intermittence of the RE sources. In comparison to commonly used battery storage, H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> is well suited for seasonal storage applications due to its inherent high mass energy density. PEM based electrolysis has many advantages as compared to conventional alkaline based electrolysis e.g. smaller dimension and mass, lower power consumption, intrinsic ability to cope with transient electrical power variations, high degree of purity of gases and possibility of getting H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> compressed at higher pressure within the unit and more safety level. In this work, PEM electrolyzer model has been developed. Input current-voltage (I-V) characteristic of electrolyzer has been modeled by using the experimental analysis under steady state conditions at room temperature. The model is developed by using electrical equivalent circuit topology by considering useful power conversion and losses. Electrolytic H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> production rates are found out with respect to the input current and power. These experimental results are verified with the theoretical results and the relative errors are <;2%. The electrolytic H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> production rate increases linearly with current, but variation of electrolytic H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> production rate with the input electrical power is nonlinear (i.e. logarithmic). These are verified through the developed model also. This model will help to analyze energy system behavior where is stored in the electrolytic H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> form.

In the southern part of the Norwegian Barents Sea extensive hydrocarbon exploration and drilling has led to several oil and gas discoveries, yet little is known on the petroleum systems and potential hydrocarbon reservoirs in the northern Norwegian Barents Sea. If hydrocarbons generated by thermogenic processes deep in the subsurface migrate to the surface, traces of these hydrocarbons can remain in the near-surface sediments and provide indirect information on potential petroleum systems. Near-surface hydrocarbon prospecting is a method frequently used in hydrocarbon exploration of frontier areas, where no direct geochemical information from drilling is available. To improve knowledge of subsurface structures and the evolution of potential petroleum systems in the northern Barents Sea, seismic data and near-surface sediment samples were collected. Analysis of bound hydrocarbon gases extracted from these sediments revealed concentrations significantly above background in areas along the Hornsund-Knollega Fault Complex as well as near margins of the Olga Basin. Generally, the compositional and stable carbon isotope signatures of bound gases indicate thermogenic origins from source rocks of oil window maturity for near-surface gases with anomalous high concentrations, whereas for sediments with low concentration of bound gases, mixture of thermogenic and microbial gas is indicated. Amount and composition of bound gas extracted from source rock samples from Spitsbergen indicate that contribution of transported material may have influenced the bound gas in near-surface marine sediment of the Barents Sea in areas where presence of mature organic matter is indicated. In the Knolegga Fault Complex near the western Barents Sea margin high concentrations of thermogenic gas in near-surface sediments are associated with fault-bound basins and most likely originate from the Paleocene-Eocene Torsk Formation. In the Olga Basin higher bound gas concentrations occur near the southern border of the basin corresponding to sub-cropping Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous shales, whereas elevated concentrations in the northern Olga Basin are associated with reactivated faults, reaching close to the surface. Sediments above the center of the basin show significantly lower bound gas concentrations. These observations indicate that the Jurassic shales act as a regional seal for hydrocarbons and that reactivated faults at the basin margin represent pathways for migration to the surface. 1D basin and petroleum systems modeling for the Olga Basin indicates that Early to Middle Triassic sediments reached oil window maturity and represent the most likely source for thermogenic near-surface gas in that area.

Offshore North West (NW) Sabah and West Sulawesi are located in highly complex fold and thrust belts within the Sundaland plate. NW Sabah hydrocarbon exploration started in 1897 with the drilling of the Menombok-1 well. The first seismic data in the West Sulawesi were acquired in 1968. In term of geological structural evolutions in NW Sabah and West Sulawesi both areas have experienced several phases of deformation from Paleocene until Pleistocene.

Summary The interaction between deformation and erosion in mountain belts on one hand, and transport and sedimentation in basin areas on the other hand, can be used as prognosis tools in petroleum exploration. In our workflow, we combine 3D seismic, experimental modelling, 2D structural restoration, CSEM imaging and magnetic analysis to study these interactions and feedback. Detailed images of the seafloor from 3D seismic data allowed the interpretation of sediment fluxes, based on analogical modelling of drainage networks. Geomechanics-based restoration was used to decipher the structural features at depth interpreted from seismic lines and reduced the uncertainty on the deformation timing. Where seismic data is of poor quality at depth and where a high rate of fault segmentation occurs, magnetics and CSEM permit along-strike correlation. We demonstrate that we can distinguish regional tectonic deformations and gravitydriven deformations using this integrated approach. Also the petroleum system which is a component of the drainage network, responds as a mirror effect of the coupling between Earth’s surface processes and deep crustal deformation. This new approach is illustrated in NW offshore Borneo and can be applied in hydrocarbon exploration in other continental margin.

Chapter 8 - Understanding Sample Data

Hydrogen energy has the advantages of low carbon and cleanliness, high energy density, and high conversion efficiency; it is expected to play a pivotal role in Eastern Asia and the MENA region’s energy transition. The research status and development prospects of various technologies in hydrogen production, hydrogen storage, and hydrogen use are analyzed. On this basis, specific technical paths for developing renewable energy and integrated energy service parks coupled with hydrogen energy are proposed. Solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) electrolysis hydrogen production and solid material hydrogen storage are the most potential development in directions of hydrogen production and hydrogen storage. Technologies such as hydrogen fuel cell and natural gas hydrogen mixture in the hydrogen use link should be simultaneously promoted. The organic combination of wind/light-abandoned hydrogen production by electrolysis of water, wind power/photovoltaic off-grid hydrogen production with fuel cell power generation, hydrogen refueling station supply, methanol production, and natural gas hydrogen mixing technology would effectively solve the uneconomical and transportation difficulties of renewable energy hydrogen production. At the same time, hydrogen energy can realize the interconnection of multiple energy networks, and its application prospects in the future integrated energy service parks are very broad.