Hidden in Plain Sight: The Unrecognized Contribution of the Survey of India in the Documentation of Ancient Settlements in Pakistan and India

Incomplete datasets curtail the ability of archaeologists to investigate ancient landscapes, and there are archaeological sites whose locations remain unknown in many parts of the world. To address this problem, we need additional sources of site location data. While remote sensing data can often be used to address this challenge, it is enhanced when integrated with the spatial data found in old and sometimes forgotten sources. The Survey of India 1” to 1-mile maps from the early twentieth century are one such dataset. These maps documented the location of many cultural heritage sites throughout South Asia, including the locations of numerous mound features. An initial study georeferenced a sample of these maps covering northwest India and extracted the location of many potential archaeological sites—historical map mound features. Although numerous historical map mound features were recorded, it was unknown whether these locations corresponded to extant archaeological sites. This article presents the results of archaeological surveys that visited the locations of a sample of these historical map mound features. These surveys revealed which features are associated with extant archaeological sites, which were other kinds of landscape features, and which may represent archaeological mounds that have been destroyed since the maps were completed nearly a century ago. Their results suggest that there remain many unreported cultural heritage sites on the plains of northwest India and the mound features recorded on these maps best correlate with older archaeological sites. They also highlight other possible changes in the large-scale and long-term distribution of settlements in the region. The article concludes that northwest India has witnessed profound changes in its ancient settlement landscapes, creating in a long-term sequence of landscapes that link the past to the present and create a foundation for future research and preservation initiatives.

Teaching & Learning Guide for: Nabobs Revisited: A Cultural History of British Imperialism and the Indian Question in Late‐Eighteenth‐Century Britain

The article offers results of preliminary archaeological investigations, conducted by Scientific Research Center «Rescue Archaeological Service» (Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) in 2007 and 2017, prior to the construction project of the bypass road around Berezhany town in Ternopil region. It provides information concerning the newly discovered archeological sites as well as the elaboration of the obtainable data on formerly revealed sites in the surroundings of villages Lisnyky, Lapshyn, Hayok and Hlynovychi. According to archival and bibliographic data, archaeological surveys were previously conducted in 2006 by the expeditions of Mykhailo Filipchuk and Mykola Bandrivsky nearby villages Lapshyn and Hynovychi. However, the summaries of these surveys are insufficiently published and besides presenting the incoherent results, which cause some confusion in the number of sites. In 2007, expedition of Rescue Archaeological Service has re-examined the multi-layered settlement Hynovychi I, collecting the items from the Late Paleolithic to the Early Iron Age. Subsequent rescue archeological excavations were carried out in 2008 by the expedition led by Bohdan Salo. Ancient Rus settlement Hlynovychi III was discovered adjacent to the previous site. Around the village Lapshyn, additional archeological sites were discovered, namely Lapshyn III, IV, V, and VI, which behold several phases of the region’s inhabitants starting from the Paleolithic and until the Age of Principalities. Materials of Vysotsko and Chernyakhiv cultures are predominant on these sites. Four groups of barrows were located on the forested hills near village Lisnyky, named therefore Lisnyky I, II, III, and IV. They contain a total of 20 barrows, which could be dated to the Bronze Age. Altogether, the explorations of 2007 and 2017 has newly discovered or identified ten archaeological sites, including settlements and burrow necropolises. Seven previously known settlement were localized due to the updated information. As a result, the archeological map of the region was significantly supplemented, with the names and numbers of archaeological sites well-coordinated. Some of the ancient settlements and the barrow groups are located along the route of future bypass road, thus making it necessary to conduct preventive archaeological excavations. The results of intended studies will definitely clarify cultural and chronological identity of these sites. Key words: archeological surveys, preventive archeological studies, assessments of the impact on the archeological heritage, bypass road around Berezhany town, settlement, barrow group, Paleolithic, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, Late Antiquity, Vysotsko culture, Chernyakhiv culture, Age of Principalities.

In Ottoman Turkey, interest in archaeology and archaeological sites started with the discovery of impor­tant sites like Troy, Ephesus and Pergamon in the nineteenth century. Due to lack of legislation related to the protection of archaeological heritage, the finds from the early excavations were transported to Euro­pean museums or private collections. In late nineteenth century, an archaeological museum was found­ed in Istanbul and the extant legislation was amended to keep the discovered objects in the country. With the establishment of the Turkish Republic, archaeology was taught in the universities and the capacity to preserve archaeological heritage was developed by conservation programs. Yet, until 1973 it was not pos­sible to designate archaeological sites and define measures for the protection of the surrounding areas. In addition to the law on protection of cultural heritage, several principles were developed to classify and pre­serve the archaeological heritage. In 1999, Turkey signed the Valetta Convention for the Preservation of European Archaeological Heritage and tries to follow the guidelines set by this document. Turkey's rich archaeological heritage spans from the prehistoric to late medieval period, including Byzan­tine and Seljuk sites. The number and variety of assets requires careful documentation and protection. Archaeological sites are threatened by natural as well as man made factors. Some sites disappear even with­out being recorded. It is necessary to raise awareness in the protection of the cultural heritage and support the protection process with financial means and multidisciplinary work. The completion of the cultural her­itage inventory, the implementation of site management plans, monitoring of the archaeological sites and the surrounding landscape are important topics to be considered.

Reviewed by: Archaeology and Buddhism in South Asia by Himanshu Prabha Ray Lars Fogelin Archaeology and Buddhism in South Asia. Himanshu Prabha Ray. New Delhi: Routledge India, 2018. 140 pp., 12 figures, bibliography, index. Hardback £95, US $150, ISBN 978-1-138-30489-5; eBook £36, US $49, ISBN: 978-0-203-72854-3. With Archaeology and Buddhism in South Asia, Himanshu Prabha Ray has produced the first modern introduction to the field intended for an audience of non-specialists. Coming in at a brief 140 pages, Ray has provided an excellent primer for anyone who is seeking to gain an understanding of the basic outlines of Buddhist archaeology in South Asia. To accomplish this, Ray jettisoned the traditional ways of presenting Buddhism that have dominated scholarship for the last century. Where earlier works would almost invariably begin with the biography of the Buddha, the archaeological sites he is believed to have visited, and a survey of the role of Buddhism in the development of urbanism from mid- to late first millennium b.c.e., Ray centers her book on the lived practice of Buddhists in the first millennium c.e.—the first period in which abundant archaeological remains are available to understand the growth, transformation, and eventual decline of Buddhism in South Asia. It is difficult to think of a better scholar to write this concise introduction to South Asian Buddhism. Since the publication of Monastery and Guild: Commerce under the Satavahanas (1986), Ray has been among the most important and prolific scholars working in ancient Indian history and archaeology. Through her work at Jawaharlal Nehru University and as Chair of the National Monuments Authority, she has helped shift the focus on Buddhist history and archaeology from one that concentrated on Buddhist theology and philosophy, primarily through close readings of [End Page 404] Buddhist texts, to a perspective on the daily lived practices of Buddhist monks and nuns (collectively known as the sangha) and the elite and non-elite lay people who supported them. This new perspective, one that Ray helped create, permeates the whole of Archaeology and Buddhism in South Asia. Perhaps the most important aspect of Archaeology and Buddhism in South Asia is its emphasis on the diversity of Buddhist practices, whether speaking of the sangha or the laity. More so, rather than present the sangha and the laity as wholly separate, Ray carefully demonstrates the ways that their religious practices and beliefs both diverged and overlapped over time. Ray tracks these issues in five chapters, each focusing on a different theme. In the first two chapters, she examines the spread of Buddhism throughout South Asia, primarily in terms of how specific Buddhist sects competitively expanded into new areas while simultaneously developing the core concepts of the Buddhist dhamma (a difficult term to define, but sometimes glossed as "law" or "teachings"). Rather than a unified, generic form of dhamma, Ray stresses the differences between the 16 sects of Buddhism and the importance of inscriptions for understanding the lived practices, both ritual and otherwise, of the sangha. Overall, Ray credits Buddhist sangha with the spread of Buddhism from its heartland in the Gangetic Plain of North India. In chapters 3 and 4, Ray turns her attention to Buddhist relics, icons, and associated ritual practices and pilgrimages centered on the relics and icons. In a critical move, Ray argues (p. 3), The physical manifestations of the dhamma appeared in the archaeological record as religious architecture at least 200–300 years after the Buddha had preached his dhamma across north India, and especially important are the inscriptions, stupas, images, and other objects of veneration. The key insight here is that the material expressions of Buddhism are no less expressions of the dhamma than the canonical texts that have long been the focus of research. In terms of relics, Ray argues for the centrality of relic veneration in the ritual lives of both the sangha and lay-Buddhists. More so, she sees the frequent disinterment, division, and reinterment of relics in new regions as central to the spread of Buddhism across South Asia. Within this context, the Buddha's relics were viewed as the living presence of the Buddha, and devotees...

Schertz-Seguin Local Government Corporation (Client) is proposing to construct an 18-inch water main pipeline along the west side of State Highway (SH) Business 123 (Stockdale Highway/South Austin Street) crossing of the Guadalupe River in the City of Seguin, Guadalupe County, Texas (Project). According to current design plans, the proposed water line would be connected to an existing pipeline located approximately 75 feet (ft) [23 meters (m)] north of the Guadalupe River near the existing Max Starke Park Water Treatment Plant and an existing main pipeline located approximately 75 ft (23 m) south of the Guadalupe River along SH 123 in Seguin, Texas. The Area of Potential Effects (APE) consists of two work areas, one north and one south of the Guadalupe River. The northern work area consists of 0.20 acres (ac) and the southern work area consists of 0.15 ac. The APE is 0.35 ac in total. The Project is within the City of Seguin, a subdivision of the state , and thus triggers a review of cultural resources under the Antiquities Code of Texas (Section 191.0525). Additionally, due to Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) permitting requirements the Project falls under the regulations of Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (U.S. Code 16, §470, et seq.). TRC archeologists conducted a limited desktop literature and archives review for the proposed Project to assess whether previously recorded cultural resources are within or adjacent to the APE or within a 1-mile (mi) (1.6-kilometer [km]) of the APE. This included a review of the THC’s Archeological and Historic Sites Atlas (Atlas) which provides information related to the location of previously conducted archeological surveys and recorded archeological sites, cemeteries, properties currently listed or eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks (RTHLs), and State Antiquities Landmarks (SALs) that may be impacted by the proposed Project. According to the THC-Atlas, no previously conducted archeological surveys, archeological sites, cemeteries, historic properties, or historical markers intersect or are adjacent to the APE. Fieldwork was conducted by TRC archeologists on February 12, 2020 under Antiquities Permit Number 9263. The intensive archeological field survey included survey of 100 percent of the APE supplemented with shovel testing and visual inspection. Survey methods followed the guidelines and survey standards set forth by the THC and Council of Texas Archeologists (CTA). Review of the project plans showed that of the 155 m (509 ft) proposed water line only 27 m (89 ft) of the line to the north and 18 m (59 ft) of the line to the south will be buried with the remainder above ground and spanning the Austin Street bridge. Survey efforts were concentrated along the buried portions of the proposed water line. Due to the high degree of ground disturbance from existing utilities, bridge construction, and the presence of steep slope only a single shovel test could be excavated. Nine additional ‘No Dig’ observation points were recorded to document the areas of disturbance and slope. No cultural resources or historic structures were identified within the APE. No additional work is recommended.

South Asian groundwater seems a narrow subject ill suited to an exploration of the socio-ecology of natural resource development and exploitation. Yet Tushaar Shah’s new book Taming the Anarchy takes a historical perspective on water resources and agrarian production in an intriguing treatment of irrigation governance that has implications beyond South Asia or just groundwater. Shah’s synthesis of irrigation technology as the means of agrarian livelihood, with social and political organization framing the evolving modes of production, offers new insights of interest to a broad Human Ecology readership. Mounting pressure on resources, collusion among farmers and officials, agencies working at cross-purposes: allout battle characterizes groundwater “anarchy” in South Asia. The contemporary era—from roughly the 1960s—is the latest phase in the long history of South Asian irrigation. This latest era is marked by an explosion in number, geographical extent, and importance to overall irrigation of private groundwater wells. Shah’s extensive review of studies and statistics from India and Pakistan, and to a lesser degree from Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh, constitute the supporting empirics. The state—ever a step behind the unfolding reality on the ground—ineffectively manages or even fully comprehends the groundwater revolution in South Asia. The implications Taming the Anarchy has for future decision-making center on the elusive dynamic between policy and anarchy. Yet Shah only partially resolves this tension, leaving important questions open for further enquiry. The typology of groundwater institutions (pp. 155ff) is normative but not ultimately reductionist to the South Asian context. Specific insights are drawn from broader international experience, including China, the United States, Mexico, Australia, Spain, the Middle East, and SubSaharan Africa. Missing entirely is a review of Soviet-era irrigation that informed the command-and-control model of public administration in India during the Green Revolution’s privately financed groundwater explosion. Shah posits that the forms groundwater governance takes are produced by the interaction of users at multiple institutional scales with the physical resources they use or vie for. This analytical approach holds broad descriptive value but ineffectively accounts for the transformation among institutional forms. Innovation and evolution—what the final chapter’s “thriving in anarchy” are all about—remain inadequately explained, partly by Shah’s own admission. The first of eight chapters, “The Hydraulic Past: Irrigation and State Formation” historically contextualizes the “era of atomistic irrigation” (p. 29), specifically in the Mughal and British colonial periods. A particularly helpful section relates the modern irrigation experience in South Asia to colonial and postcolonial experiments in irrigation from other regions: West Asia and North Africa, humid East and Southeast Asia, and Africa. Shah engages theoretically with Foucault and Wittfogel, among others, to understand the differential efficacy of “constructive imperialism” across time and space, as well as to broach the relation of hydraulic interventions to state formation. Data on irrigation types, area, and users reveal the increasingly important role of groundwater relative to surface water in the irrigation economies of South Asia. C. Scott (*) Udall Center for Studies in Public Policy and School of Geography & Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA e-mail: cascott@email.arizona.edu

This chapter reviews the relationship between two actors in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's (KSA) archaeological heritage management. The Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities (SCTA) explores the country's historical, cultural, architectural, religious and natural values and accommodates a local interest to preserve archaeological heritage as a sustainable resource. The chapter focuses on the complicated context in which methodologies are devised for preserving and protecting archaeological heritage sites in the KSA. The SCTA's first phase of the comprehensive archaeological survey programme can be divided into two parts: the first part consists of collaborations between Saudi and international archaeologists; the second part was almost completely led by Saudi archaeologists. The chapter argues that archaeological sites in the KSA have not been managed effectively, as evidenced by the uncertain relationship of the public to their heritage. The SCTA has been successful in its efforts to represent and introduce the ancient history of the KSA to the world.

The World Heritage Convention chartered by UNESCO in 1972 is a milestone in the history of preservation as it puts forth the concept of the preservation of cultural and natural properties in a global scale. As a result of the developments in the 40 years since the initiation of the World Heritage Convention, cultural properties that hold a special place in the history of culture on a global scale are now defined as “World Heritage,” ensuring that their preservation by the relevant state is a priority. Turkey signed the UNESCO World Heritage Convention in 1983, hence undertaking to identify and protect its cultural and natural properties in accordance with global criteria. An analysis of the ten properties which Turkey has included in the World Heritage List shows that most of them are archaeological. The efforts of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism to introduce archaeological heritage sites on the list demonstrate that Turkey regards including archaeological sites that easily meet the “outstanding universal value” as well as “authenticity” and “integrity” criteria of the World Heritage List for reasons of prestige (demonstrating the special position of the country in the history of universal culture) and for the tourism it generates. Here, it is worth noting that, to be included in the list, besides being of outstanding importance or unique, the site must meet other criteria that are relevant to its present-day profiling, such as sustainable management. Archaeological sites comprise only a small part of the World Heritage List, while they make up most of the listed sites of Turkey.This article summarizes the legal and institutional dimensions of the preservation approach that evolved from the first Turkish legislation regarding the preservation of archaeological heritage from 1869 to the present. Emphasis is particularly on its relations with international conventions. In addition to addressing legal and institutional organization, the approach of the local administrations, NGOs, the public, and the press to the preservation of the archaeological heritage in recent years, particularly in terms of the special meaning given to the World Heritage List concept, will be considered. On the other hand, the policies pursued in the preservation of archaeological sites that are not on the agenda of the World Heritage List and their presentation to the public, and public sensitivity to the issue, will be explored. The new standpoint brought by the concept of World Heritage to archaeological heritage as a whole will be discussed.KeywordsCultural HeritageArchaeological SiteCultural PropertyWorld HeritageHeritage SiteThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

The protection of Palestine's archaeological heritage faces several serious obstacles: unenforced laws, lack of public awareness, deterioration of Palestine's economic status, unregulated urban development, and the protracted political conflict between the Palestinians and Israelis. As a result, a significant number of archaeological features and sites have been vandalized, looted, or intentionally destroyed without compunction over the past several decades. The Palestinian-Israeli political conflict has negatively affected the archaeological heritage in “Area C,” which remains under complete Israeli civil and military control. This area includes nearly 60% of the archaeological heritage located within the Palestinian Occupied Territories, but the Palestinian Department of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage lacks the authority to monitor and protect these sites. Furthermore, the Israeli civil and military authorities in the West Bank do not provide the necessary protection of cultural heritage resources in Area C. The devastation of these resources throughout the Palestinian Territories provides the impetus for this research. The main aim is to identify the results of the political conflict on Palestinian archaeological and cultural heritage sites, using a case study at the site of Khirbet el-Lauz.

Naming the Subject:Recovering "Euro-Asian" History Emma J. Teng (bio) The historic election of Barack Obama as America's first biracial president has drawn attention once again to a phenomenon that has been gathering momentum since the 1990s: that is, the movement among so-called "multiracial" or "mixed-race" people for recognition, both political and cultural. Although the American media has mostly focused on the multiracial movement in the US, this push for recognition actually has global dimensions. Kumari Jayawardena's Erasure of the Euro-Asian: Recovering Early Radicalism and Feminism in South Asia is among the latest in a spate of books published in Asia that seeks to restore those of Asian/European ancestry to the historical record, including Michael Roberts, et al., People Inbetween: The Burghers and the Middle Class in the Transformation within Sri Lanka (1989), Myrna Braga-Blake's Singapore Eurasians -- Memories and Hopes (1992), and Vicki Lee's Being Eurasian: Memories across Racial Divides (2004).1 In fact, if Paul Spickard identified a "biracial biography boom" in the US during the 1990s, we seem to be currently in the midst of a "Eurasian publishing boom" that spans the globe from Asia, to Australia, Europe, and the US.2 This publishing trend includes not only academic books like Jayawardena's, but also memoirs, family biographies/genealogies, dictionaries, musical CDs, and even cookbooks.3 It further includes projects such as the Anglo Indian Heritage Books series, which reprints classic works such as H.A. Stark's Hostages to India (1926) and Cedric Dover's Cimmerii?: or Eurasians and Their Future (1929).4 What does Jayawardena's book add to the mix? Although South Asian studies is beyond my own field, I can say that I found much in this richly documented monograph to inspire my current work on Chinese and Chinese American representations of Eurasian interracialism. The book certainly speaks to a wider audience, to those who are interested in multiracial identity, and in women's history more generally. The main aim of the book is to counter the erasure of so-called "Euro-Asians" (the author's own term) from the historical record, and to demonstrate their contributions to social movements in South Asia during the colonial era. The book is divided into three main sections: the first provides background on the historical formation of "mixed-race" communities in South Asia under Portuguese, Dutch, and British colonial rule; the second discusses Euro-Asian radicals and modernism; the third, the role of women and gender. Jayawardena argues that Euro-Asians were not "marginalmen" [End Page 257] in colonial society, but actually played central roles in the struggles for worker and peasant rights, women's rights, democracy, secularism, and protonationalism. Focusing on public intellectuals, she crafts a portrait of what she calls "the utopian vision of Euro-Asians," a vision that extended beyond their own communal group to the nation. The book highlights the important contributions of figures like John Ricketts, Henry Derozio, Charles Lorenz, Frederick Nell, A.E. Buultjens, Eleanor Lorenz, Winifred Nell, and Agnes de Silva. Much of this ground has been covered elsewhere, but Jayawardena makes a significant contribution in her discussion of pioneering women, as well as in her intersectional analysis of gender and ethnicity. She demonstrates that in contrast to their stereotypical image as "exotic creoles," Euro-Asian women were often highly educated, and were among the earliest women professionals in South Asia, especially in the fields of education and medicine. The Euro-Asian "new woman" broke new ground on numerous fronts, and served in the vanguard of feminist and other radical movements. The fascinating stories of many women are collected here, some rescued from the dustbin of history. As such, Jayawardena goes far beyond the writers of earlier generations, who often rendered the Euro-Asian woman doubly invisible. A second important contribution of the book is seemingly simpler, but potentially more far-reaching: that lies in the name that Jayawardena invents to describe the subjects of her study. "What's in a Name?" As early as the 1920s, Eurasian "race man" Cedric Dover urged "mixedrace" populations throughout Asia to give serious consideration to this issue. The question of nomenclature had plagued...

Previous articleNext article No AccessDiscussion and CriticismOn Artifact Density and Shovel ProbesGlenn Davis StoneGlenn Davis Stone Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Current Anthropology Volume 22, Number 2Apr., 1981 Sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/202644 Views: 5Total views on this site Citations: 15Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1981 The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological ResearchPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:C. Adam Berrey, Scott D. Palumbo Survey, Shovel Probes, and Population Estimates: Studying Regional Demography in the Intermediate Area Using Subsurface Sherd Deposits, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 29, no.11 (Mar 2021): 83–137.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-021-09509-7Jeffrey S Alvey The problem of undersampling for models of archaeological occupations derived from shovel testing and its consequences for significance determinations, North American Archaeologist 42, no.22 (Dec 2020): 205–234.https://doi.org/10.1177/0197693120980982Denis V. Sharapov Recent methodological approaches to regional settlement pattern survey in the Eurasian steppes, Archaeological Research in Asia 21 (Mar 2020): 100173.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2019.100173Philip Verhagen Site Discovery and Evaluation Through Minimal Interventions: Core Sampling, Test Pits and Trial Trenches, (Nov 2013): 209–225.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01784-6_12Philip Verhagen, Eelco Rensink, Machteld Bats, Philippe Crombé Establishing discovery probabilities of lithic artefacts in Palaeolithic and Mesolithic sites with core sampling, Journal of Archaeological Science 40, no.11 (Jan 2013): 240–247.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.05.041Philip Verhagen, Arno Borsboom The design of effective and efficient trial trenching strategies for discovering archaeological sites, Journal of Archaeological Science 36, no.88 (Aug 2009): 1807–1815.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2009.04.010Evan Peacock Archaeological Site Survey in Wooded Environments: A Field Study from the Tombigbee National Forest, North-Central Mississippi, North American Archaeologist 17, no.11 (Nov 2016): 61–79.https://doi.org/10.2190/VV53-MQ8P-2PWC-NF3RBert J. Groenewoudt, Matthijs van Nie Assessing the Scale and Organisation of Germanic Iron Production in Heeten, the Netherlands, Journal of European Archaeology 3, no.22 (Jul 2013): 187–215.https://doi.org/10.1179/096576695800703748Linea Sundstrom A Simple Mathematical Procedure for Estimating the Adequacy of Site Survey Strategies, Journal of Field Archaeology 20, no.11 (Jul 2013): 91–96.https://doi.org/10.1179/009346993791974316Michael J. Shott Shovel-Test Sampling in Archaeological Survey: Comments on Nance and Ball, and Lightfoot, American Antiquity 54, no.22 (Jan 2017): 396–404.https://doi.org/10.2307/281714Keith W. Kintigh The Effectiveness of Subsurface Testing: A Simulation Approach, American Antiquity 53, no.44 (Jan 2017): 686–707.https://doi.org/10.2307/281113Jack D. Nance, Bruce F. Ball No Surprises? The Reliability and Validity of Test Pit Sampling, American Antiquity 51, no.33 (Jan 2017): 457–483.https://doi.org/10.2307/281747Kent G. Lightfoot Regional Surveys in the Eastern United States: The Strengths and Weaknesses of Implementing Subsurface Testing Programs, American Antiquity 51, no.33 (Jan 2017): 484–504.https://doi.org/10.2307/281748FRANCIS P. MCMANAMON Discovering Sites Unseen, (Jan 1984): 223–292.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-003107-8.50009-8JACK D. NANCE Regional Sampling in Archaeological Survey: The Statistical Perspective, (Jan 1983): 289–356.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-003106-1.50013-4

<p>South Asia is one of the most vulnerable regions in the world to climate change due to its greater exposure to climate hazards, superimposed on the backdrop of limited institutional capacity to adapt and livelihood dependency on climate-sensitive agriculture. The Asia Regional Resilience to a Changing Climate programme (ARRCC) takes a regional approach to climate change by aiming to strengthen the provision and uptake of weather and climate services in some of the most vulnerable South Asian countries, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan.  As part of the ARRCC programme, the Climate Analysis for Risk Information and Services in South Asia (CARISSA) project has identified that countries within South Asia would particularly benefit from a platform for knowledge exchange on climate science and services. Alongside the Met Office and FCDO, stakeholders in South Asia identified the most effective methods of knowledge exchange being 1) Establishing an online community of practice on climate change science and services, 2) Incorporating climate change information into the regional , climate outlook forum (RCOF) process, and 3) Establishing a dedicated and regular regional forum on climate change in South Asia. Here, we show the process of co-developing a network of key stakeholders in South Asia who are best placed to contribute to and benefit from, promotion of climate services in the region. We share our experience of co-creating an online community of best practice on climate science and services in South Asia and how this will help to establish greater uptake of climate information in decision-making. Finally, we will discuss how to incorporate regular, in-person meetings into the RCOF process to share climate knowledge and nurture collaborations between stakeholders throughout the region.</p>

According to “A Scorecard for Humanity,” a report from the Copenhagen Consensus Center, our world gains every time an individual is educated, and our world pays a price when people go illiterate. In the future, those regions and nations of the world that manage to educate its people would gain, whereas those that do not pay much attention to this crucial aspect would continue to suffer losses, hidden in plain sight. Hence, by 2050, we suggest that though the world would have made tremendous progress in basic education, illiteracy would persist with almost 500 million uneducated in the world. Illiteracy shall be most concentrated in the regions of Africa and South Asia, whereas most other nations would move toward a total eradication. However, there would also be a systemic change in the higher education sector across the globe, as the age cohort of 18 to 24 years in Europe would shrink, but in South Asia and Africa, this would continue to grow. There would also be a disruption of the current pedagogic and regimental learning systems toward flatter, flexible, and open systems based on research in learning sciences. Technology would also come by to play a larger role, where education would be driven by artificial intelligence (AI) and big data—resulting in complete personalization of curriculum and methodology focusing on each individual's minute needs.

Knowledge of the position of archaeological remains in the surface relief provides important basic information for archaeological survey design and interpretation. Geomorphological processes in (pre)history may have resulted in a modification of the local relief around archaeological sites, especially in areas that are prone to sediment erosion and relocation, such as sheet sand and dune landscapes. In this study, we reconstructed and analysed the palaeorelief of an archaeological excavation site in an inland dune area in southern Brandenburg, Germany. The remains of two Mesolithic sites were documented in the archaeological excavations and found to be associated with a buried soil horizon. To gather information on the relief of the buried soil surface, we used a combination of sedimentological and pedological profile descriptions along archaeological survey trenches and geophysical prospection with ground penetrating radar supplemented with microdrone photography and photogrammetry, global positioning system (GPS) surveys, and analysis of LiDAR‐based elevation models. A digital elevation model of the buried surface was generated and analysed using a geographical information system (GIS). A comparison of the palaeosurface model with the recent surface elevation model shows that sand remobilization resulted in a considerable reshaping of the relief. Further, an analysis of the buried surface model shows that the relief position of the two archaeological sites in the study area was considerably more prominent in relation to the corresponding buried soil surface than in relation to the recent surface morphology. The results affirm the significance of Holocene sediment relocation for the local surface morphology and the importance of considering such relief modifications in archaeological surveys. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.