Heterogenous phase evolution and mechanical response in additively manufactured low alloy martensitic steel processed via laser-directed energy deposition

Abstract

This work investigates complex heterogeneity in microstructure and mechanical properties of a low alloy martensitic steel fabricated via laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED). A multi-scale characterization starting from macro-scale optical micrography, micro-scale X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter diffraction mapping to nano-scale transmission electron microscopy was adopted to fully comprehend the microstructural heterogeneity along the build direction. Notably, the top layers of the build demonstrated enhanced mechanical properties, exhibiting hardness of around 550 HV and an ultimate tensile strength of 2 GPa, which decreased progressively towards the base. Interestingly, resurgence in strength and hardness was observed for the layers located 10 mm above the substrate. The primary solidification cycle led to the formation of untempered martensite having high strength and hardness while subsequent reheat cycles led to the alteration of these martensites, enhancing ductility at the expense of strength. Auto-tempering and carbide (Fe-C based) precipitation due to prolonged thermal exposure contributed to the increased the strength in the lower layers. Additionally, the temperature profiles during the L-DED thermal cycles were modeled and correlated with the observed phase transformations, allowing for a detailed understanding of the structure–property relationships at different heights within the build. This study provides a fundamental insight into the microstructural heterogeneities and their implications on the strengthening mechanisms in L-DED fabricated low-alloy martensitic steel.