‘Heritage in focus: a community-centric approach to documenting historic and archaeological sites in Singida's Ikungi, Mkalama, and Singida Municipality’ (Tanzania)

Archaeological research in central Tanzania, chiefly in the Singida Region, has only been sporadically conducted, with the focus of such investigations being mostly on rock art and Later Stone Age (LSA) material. Here, we report preliminary results from renewed research expeditions conducted in the Singida Region. In 2021 and 2022, we located 31 archaeological sites in Ikungi District, excavated an open-air site (Nkungi) and a rock shelter (Itramuka), and uncovered well-stratified cultural sequences containing lithics, ceramics, and metallurgical remains, as well as human remains and animal bones. The recent archaeological discoveries in the region revealed a rich and composite archaeological heritage, encompassing scatters of archaeological artifacts, stratified deposits, and rock shelters with preserved deposits and rock art. These sites are embedded in a varied landscape that, in itself, should be preserved for their geo-heritage. Our renewed research also emphasizes the importance of local community engagement, specifically with traditional landowners, to ensure the sustainability of this multidisciplinary research project.

A comparison of rural community perceptions and involvement in conservation between the Fiji Islands and Southwestern Portugal

In the East African region, Tanzania represents a nucleus of early human origin. Central Tanzania in particular abounds in prehistoric and historical human and cultural evidences. Archaeologically, Dodoma Region (35°–37° E and 4°–7° S) in Central Tanzania is a centre of attraction for rock art and early human settlements. Apart from earlier discoveries of some of the potential archaeological sites, new scholarly investigations including our surveys in and around the Dodoma Region have yielded substantial evidence to strengthen the dense nature of habitat, congenial environment, subsistence and survival of early humans. Some of the archaeological sites such as Isimila, the late Acheulian/Early Stone Age site, Kondoa, Singida and Bahi rock art sites (Culwick AT, J R Anthropol Inst Great Brit Irel. 61:443–453, 1931) of early Holocene times; and Stone Age and historical sites around the University of Dodoma are a few instances of evidence in the Dodoma Region revealing temporary, semi-sedentary and sedentary settlements located in different habitats and environments. Our research activities, which include reconnaissance survey, intrusive excavation and geospatial investigations, have uncovered several topographical and geomorphic features of archaeological sites in the region. Geomorphological features as shown by the stratigraphic profiles of test excavations in various archaeological and cultural heritage sites, location aspects, physiographic and environmental conditions and variations derived from non-intrusive geospatial technological applications such as aerial photos, satellite imagery and GPS coordinates substantively corroborate the idea of subsistence and adaptation to survival of early human populations within the existing ecological conditions. The data pertaining to satellite images for the past 60 years were used to analyse climate and other geographical conditions in the study region. This chapter examines the geographical and geomorphic features of habitat, environmental adaptation and settlement pattern of human populations in space and time through geospatial analysis. Some archaeological sites as case studies were investigated for surfacial and sub-surfacial data collection. The results of terrain analysis revealed that elevation, slope and aspect had played a vital role in human settlement locations. The evidence of climate change and variability in the case study sites showed early human adaptation strategies including settlement abandonment and migration. The use of geospatial analysis has provided better insight to relate early human settlement and environment. Further our investigations revealed threats caused by natural calamities and human vandalism to the most precious archaeological and cultural heritage sites, the promoters of tourism and plausible solutions.KeywordsCentral TanzaniaEarly human habitationEnvironmental adaptationsArchaeological and cultural heritage sitesExcavation and stratigraphyGeospatial techniques

Inyi festivals, deeply rooted in Nigeria's cultural heritage, offer a unique platform to promote cultural diversity and attract tourism. However, these festivals have not been documented and harnessed for tourism. This study explores how they can enhance cultural tourism, generate economic benefits, preserve indigenous practices, and promote national identity. Furthermore, the article identifies challenges such as infrastructure deficits, modernization, and inadequate marketing, offering strategic solutions to address these issues. By focusing on the role of government, private sector collaboration, and sustainable tourism practices, this article highlights the untapped potential of Inyi Indigenous traditional festivals to contribute to Nigeria’s socio-economic growth through cultural tourism. This was achieved through participants' observation and interviewing approaches, engaging in-depth interviews. Documented materials supplemented the primary data. Fifteen people were the participants, which comprised the chief priests, youth leaders, agnate, community presidents, and other community members. The findings indicate that Inyi traditional festivals are rich cultural heritage that have unique potentials for cultural tourism promotion and development, which in turn promote socio-economic development of the area. Key Words: Inyi Festivals, Cultural Tourism, Tourism Development, Cultural Heritage, Sustainable Tourism, Nigeria DOI: 10.7176/JTHS/67-05 Publication date: November 30 th 2024

Bergama'da 1878 de Carl Humann tarafindan arkeolojik kazilarin baslatilmasi ve her gecen gun onemli buluntularin ortaya cikmasi kentin baskin olarak arkeolojik ozellikleriyle anilmasi­ni saglamis ve saglamaktadir. Ornegin 1968 yilina ait imar planinda arkeolo­jik alan uzerinde yer alan geleneksel kent do­kusunun dondurularak gelismesinin kisitlan­masi ve zamanla bu alanlarin bosaltilarak arke­olojik kazilara terk edilmesi ongorulmustur. Antikcag yapilarina verilen onem, diger taraf­tan geleneksel konutlarin muhafazasina do­layli olarak katkida bulunmus; geleneksel ko­nut dokusu altindaki antik kentin zarar gorme­mesi icin, var olan yapilasma dondurulmus; yeni yapilasmalar icin bu alanlar disinda, gele­neksel dokunun guneyinde yeni iskân alanlari acilmistir. 1976 tarihinde Bergama'nin alanlari ve sinirlari Gayrimenkul Eski Eserler ve Anitlar Yuksek Kurulunca (GEEAYK) tescil edilmistir. ilani kararini takiben, Berga­ma'nin antik Pergamon kentinin kalintilari uze­rinde gelismis belli alanlari, korunmasi gerekli kentsel dokuya sahip olmasi nedeniyle ve Arkeolojik olarak 1983 yilin­da tescil edilmis ve 1984'te tekrar degerlendi­rilmistir, Bergama gibi cok katmanli kentlerde, tanimi konana kadar gecen surede, kurullari tarafindan yanlis ka­rarlarin alinmasinin yani sira tereddutler, dola­yisiyla karar uretememe durumlari soz konu­su olmustur. Bu tikaniklik, SIT tanimindan 20 yil sonra 1993'te Kultur ve Tabiat Varliklari Koruma Yuksek Kurulunun ilke kararindaki tanimi ve ko­sullarinin belirlenmesiyle asilmistir. Bergama'da da koruma amacli imar planina kadar gecerli olacak gecis donemi yapilas­ma kosullari m belirleyen karar, ilanindan 18 yil sonra, 2001 yilinda kentin bu alanlarinin, Izmir 2 numarali Kultur ve Tabiat Varliklari Koruma Kurulunca Kentsel Arkeolo­jik olarak ilan edilmesiyle alinmistir. Bu karara gore Bergama kenti alanlari. Kent­sel SIT, 1. derece SIT, 2. derece ve 3. derece olarak tanimlanmistir. Bu kararlar sonucunda, alani icinde yer atan evler, onarim dahi yapilamayan, harap an­cak ozgun yapilar olarak gunumuze ulasmistir. Kentin guneyinde yeni yapilasma alanlarinin olusturulmasindan sonra, alani icindeki geleneksel dokuda, evlerini birakmak isteme­yen, apartman yasamina uyum saglayamayan ve eski komsuluk iliskilerini surdurmek iste­yen yasli nufus kalmistir. Bu geleneksel doku­nun diger kullanicilari ise civar koylerden gelip buraya yerlesen dusuk gelir grubuna ait kulla­nicilardir. kultur varliklari envanter calismasiyla kentte harap fakat ozgun olarak gunumuze ulasmis onemli sayida konut oldugu, pek cok konutun enderlik degeri tasidigi ortaya kon­mustur. Bergama (izmir) Kultur Varliklari En­vanter Projesinin ucuncu ve son donem calis­masi 6-17 Eylul 2005 tarihlerinde Bergama da gerceklestirilen alan calismasiyla tamamlan­mistir. Pek cok uygarligi iceren, cok katmanli bir kent olan Bergama'da, sinirlan ve tanimi, bu envanter calismasi­nin basladigi 2003 yilindaki degisiklikler disin­da, Mart 2004 te izmir 2 numarali Kultur ve Ta­biat Varliklari Koruma Kurulunda alinan kararla, Kentsel + 3. derece olarak degistirilmis ve sinin guneye, Gazipasa Mahal­lesine dogru genisletilmistir (lev. 1: sek. 1). Kultur Varliklarinin yer aldigi mahalle­ler, Bergama Cayinin kuzeyindeki alanda Ulu-cami, Talatpasa, Kurtulus mahalleleri, Berga­ma Cayinin guneyinde ise Selcuk, Barbaros, Atmaca, Islamsaray, Turabey, Inkilâp, Gazipa­sa, Ertugrul ve Zafer mahalleleridir. 2005 yilin­da, Bergama Cayinin kuzeyinde Talatpasa ve Kurtulus mahallelerinde, Bergama Cayinin gu­neyinde ise Selcuk, Atmaca, islamsaray, Tu­rabey, Inkilâp, Gazipasa, Ertugrul ve Zafer ma­hallelerinde envanter calismasi gerceklestiril­mistir (lev. 2: sek. 2). Bergama Kuttur Varliktan Envanteri yapilirken calisma alanimizin sinirlan (lev. 1: sek. 1), Kultur ve Tabiat Varliklari Koruma Ku­rulu tarafindan onaylanmis sinirlari disinda, eski yerlesim dokusunu gosteren belgelerden de yararlanilarak belir­lenmistir. Bergama'da 2005 yilinda. 2003 ve 2004 yilla­rinda gerceklestirilen alan calismalarinda oldu­gu gibi Bergama Cayinin iki yakasinda, iki ayri grup tarafindan catisma gerceklestirilmistir. 6-17 Eylul 2005 tarihleri arasinda 7 kisilik ekip­le toplam 100 yapi adasinda calisilmis, 713'u anit olmak uzere, 814 adet envanter formu hazirlanmistir. 102 yapinin plan krokisi yapil­mis, 4440 adet dijital fotograf cekilmistir. Boy­lece 2003 yilindan itibaren, uc yillik envanter calismasi sonucunda 160'i yerlesme, 1501'i anit envanteri olmak uzere, toplam 1661 adet envanter formu hazirlanmis, 390 adet plan krokisi yapilmis ve 9718 adet dijital fotograf cekilmistir. kultur varliktan envanter calismasin­da, konutlarin yapim tarihleri ve mimari ozel­likleri bir arada degerlendirildiginde Berga­ma'daki konut mimarisinin gelisim sureci or­taya cikmaktadir. 2005 yilina ait alan calisma­sinda, nitelikli ve korunmaya deger Cumhuri­yet devri konut yapilarinin, onceki yillarda cali­silan alanlardakinden daha yogun olarak yer aldigi saptanmistir. Geleneksel kent dokusunun yeni yapilasma alanlariyla birlestigi yerdeki yogun yok edilisi­ne bagli olarak, kultur varligi sayisi azaldigin­dan, Bergama kentsel kultur varliklari evanteri ongorulenden daha once tamamlanmis bu­lunmaktadir. Envanteri yapilan kultur varliklari sayisi, mevcut tescilli yapi sayisinin yaklasik uc katidir. Bergama kentsel kultur varliklari envanteri dogrultusunda, alanlarinin bo­yutlarinda ve niteliklerinde degisiklikler yapil­masi gerekecektir. 2003 yilinda baslayan Bergama kentsel kultur varliklari envanter calismasi 2004 yilinda de­vam etmis ve 2005 yilinda sonuclanmistir. En­vanterlerin Kultur-Kitap veritabanina aktaril­masi ise 2006 yilinda tamamlanmistir.

In recent times, a growing movement has been observed on the involvement of local community for the conservation of heritages with an aim of sustainable use of natural and cultural resources. Social science research on community participation in any kind of development has been conducted in several fields and tourism discipline is also not an exception. Generally, community can engage in tourism business directly through having some control i.e. in planning & management and/or providing services to the tourists. Host regions and available cultural resources both are used and respected by local community as well as tourists, whose primary goal is tourism development retaining the cultural sustainability. Moreover, cultural tourism development would not be able to achieve its success unless the host community contributes in development process in any way. In this connection, the Lalbagh region in Murshidabad, West Bengal possesses a large number of cultural heritage resources which give a tremendous opportunity for cultural heritage tourism development. This paper aims to examine the level of participation of community in heritage conservation, role of local people in sustainable cultural heritage tourism development and also study the perceived participation benefits on the development of cultural tourism. A mixed methodology (both qualitative and quantitative) has been used in this study, based on the primary and secondary data collected. The study concludes that heritage resources in Lalbagh are well maintained but the role of community is marginalized. Hence this study can be a vital proposition to commence an initiative for the communities to vigorously contribute in heritage resources conservation for sustainable cultural tourism development.

We use remotely sensed data to estimate species diversity in Blouberg Nature Reserve (BNR) in the Limpopo province, South Africa to understand the state of biodiversity since communities’ involvement in conservation initiatives. To achieve this objective, Landsat series data collected before and after community involvement in biodiversity conservation were used in conjunction with selected diversity indices i.e., Shannon-Wiener Index (H’) and Simpson Index (D). Thirty 15 m × 15 m field plots were selected and all trees within each plot were identified, with the help of Botanists. Further, we applied regression analysis to determine the relationship between satellite derived tree species diversity and field observations. The results of the study demonstrated a significant (p < 0.5) variation in tree species diversity between 1990 and 2019. The highest relationship was obtained between H’ and the combined remotely sensed spectral data and as well as Indices (VIs) when compared to other derived satellite data. Further, the results showed positive significant relationship (p < 0.05) between the combined remotely sensed data and observed H’ index with r2 = 0.36 and r2 = 0.34 for the period before and after involving local communities in biodiversity conservation, respectively. Thus, the findings of the study indicate that the ecological condition of the reserve was slightly affected by the involvement of local communities in biodiversity conservation, for instance, volunteering in bush-encroachment eradication and decision-making. Overall, findings of the study underscore the relevance of remotely sensed data in assessing the ecological condition of protected areas and this information can help in decision-making.

Tourism development of intangible cultural heritage is an important current concern of our cultural heritage and tourism development, because different types of non-material cultural heritage has a different connotation and bearer form, which is used in different areas to promote local tourism development among the development of tourism has a very important significance in promoting. From the point of view of tourism products constituted, it is nothing less than food, housing, travel, transportation, entertainment, shopping, rather than material cultural heritage tourism development is the intangible cultural heritage through a variety of packaging and combined into six tourism products. Xinjiang lop are profound food culture, has a very strong national geographical and cultural characteristics, to Rob's diet used in the development of tourism and cultural development of Xinjiang them, will have a very important role in promoting the development of tourism in Xinjiang, this article focused Xinjiang lop's diet culture and tourism development were studied, hoping to promote the development of tourism in Xinjiang tourism development through food culture. At the same time, we also hope that through this research can provide reference and recommendations for tourism development and Lop Human food culture has a similar situation in ethnic areas.

Background and Objectives: Creative tourism involves travel that emphasizes engagement with and experience of a place’s cultural heritage, arts, and unique characteristics. It fosters meaningful connections between local residents and tourists through active participation in living culture, as defined by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). This research aims to examine the development of community cooperation mechanisms and community networks rooted in creative cultural tourism, considering both internal and external perspectives. The study focuses on Nakhon Thai subdistrict, Nakhon Thai district, Phitsanulok province, and has three main objectives: 1) to analyze the systems of cooperation and community networks related to creative cultural tourism, 2) to explore models and approaches for fostering collaboration within community-based network systems founded on creative cultural tourism, with active participation from all sectors in the development of tourism in Nakhon Thai subdistrict, and 3) to develop strategic frameworks or policy recommendations at the community level by fostering cooperation and encourage the active participation of community networks in Nakhon Thai subdistrict. Methods: The researcher utilized qualitative research methods, gathering data through purposive sampling via semi-structured interviews with three distinct groups of informants: 15 government officials, 5 community members, and 3 representatives from private businesses. Additionally, focus group discussions and pertinent document reviews were conducted. The data were analyzed through content analysis to synthesize findings and present the study results in a systematic and comprehensive way. Results: The development of creative cultural tourism in Nakhon Thai district, Phitsanulok, shows collaboration between the government, local administrative organizations, communities, business sector, and educational institutions. In terms of policy, cultural preservation, infrastructural development, and tourist activities, every sector supports one another. The link with nearby provinces and universities helps increase the tourism potential. The area possessing significant cultural assets and local resources can be further developed in the long term. Success depends on community involvement at every level, necessitating decentralization of authority, support of local products, and ongoing creative activities to raise Nakhon Thai district as a sustainable cultural tourism destination in the future. Application of this study: The policy proposals center on building local cooperation systems by means of a tourist development committee comprising representatives of the government, business sector, and community. Together, this group will plan, address issues, and methodically track results, coupling practice-based learning activities like weaving, local food, and cultural storytelling. The networks of community product manufacturers and monthly cultural markets should be supported to promote inclusive and balanced income distribution. Moreover, a cultural learning center ought to be established in cooperation with nearby universities to compile local knowledge and lead to the creation of high-value tourism. Conclusions: The development of creative cultural tourism in Nakhon Thai subdistrict resulted from the cooperation of several sectors by emphasizing on local identity and creative activities. Important strategies include raising involvement, building infrastructure, supporting OTOP (One Tambon One Product), and effective resource management for community sustainability.

Contents: Preface Narrow escapes: pathways to sustainable local cultural tourism, Luigi Fusco Girard and Peter Nijkamp. Part I Tourism Development as a Sustainable Strategy: Tourism, heritage and cultural sustainability: 3 'golden rules', David Throsby Tourism and development: towards sustainable outcomes, Geoffrey Wall Sustainable development and tourism: opportunities and threats to cultural heritage from tourism, Harry Coccossis Valuing urban cultural heritage, Peter Nijkamp and Patrizia Riganti. Part II Policies on Sustainable Tourism and Cultural Resources: Cultural heritage, local resources and sustainable tourism:towards an operational framework for policy and planning, Christian Ost Juridical and political tools for a sustainable development of tourism: present context and future perspectives, Guiliana Di Fiore Cultural heritage, sustainable tourism and economic development: a proposal for Southern Italy, Antonio Saturnino Sustainable tourism, renewable energy and transportation, Maria Giaoutzi, Christos Dionelis and Anastasia Stratigea. Part III Case Studies: Local government and networking trends supporting sustainable tourism: some empirical evidence, Francesco Polese Cultural tourism, sustainability and regional development: experiences from Romania, Daniela L. Constantin and Constantin Mitrut Tourism sustainability and economic efficiency: a statistical analysis of Italian provinces, Maria Francesca Cracolici, Miranda Cuffaro and Peter Nijkamp Valorisation strategies for archaeological sites and settings of environmental value: lessons from the Adriatic coast, Donatella Cialdea Utility and visitor preferences for attributes of art galleries, Ken Willis and Naomi Kinghorn. Part IV New Departures for Evaluation: Tourism, cultural heritage and strategic evaluations: towards integrated approaches, Luigi Fusco Girard and Francesca Torrieri Restoring roadman's houses in Sardinia, Italy: a multicriteria decision support system for tourism plannin

Indonesia's coastal areas boast high biodiversity, yet their communities still face economic constraints. Turtle conservation has the potential not only as a conservation effort but also as a basis for economic empowerment of coastal communities. This study aims to identify forms of community involvement in turtle conservation that impact economic welfare; and to develop strategies for economic empowerment of coastal communities based on turtle conservation through a participatory and collaborative approach. The study was conducted in Apar Village, Pariaman City, using exploratory descriptive quantitative methods using SWOT analysis. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The results indicate active community involvement in conservation activities such as nest monitoring, hatchling releases, tourism education, and souvenir production, which have begun to have positive economic impacts. The SWOT analysis indicates the strategy's position in the Strength–Opportunity (SO) quadrant with a difference score of +1.79 (internal) and +1.58 (external). This indicates that community strengths can be utilized to seize opportunities for conservation-based economic development. Suggested strategies include integrated ecotourism development, entrepreneurship training, strengthening local institutions, and cross-stakeholder collaboration. This study concludes that turtle conservation in Apar Village has dual potential as an instrument for environmental conservation and a driver of the local economy in a sustainable manner.

This research aimed to evaluate the potential of Thailand's national forest reserves for promoting sustainable recreational activities. Research tools included a comprehensive tourism potential assessment form for evaluating tourism development. Additionally, semi-structured interviews and focus group meetings with key informants were conducted to gain insights into local perspectives, challenges, and opportunities related to tourism. Site surveys were conducted during January - August 2021. The study initially conducted an assessment of 122 destinations located within 85 national forest reserves across the country to determine their tourism development potential. Subsequently, 16 national forest reserves exhibiting high potential were selected for on-site surveys. These revealed a diverse range of recreational resources within the national forest reserves, including waterfalls, rapids, rivers, viewpoints, ecotourism sites, nature trails, hot springs, caves, geographic landscapes, and archaeological sites. The assessment of tourism development potential identified six areas with high potential, eight areas with medium potential, and two areas with low potential within the national forest reserves. To effectively promote recreation and sustainable tourism in Thailand's national forest reserves, the Royal Forest Department, responsible for overseeing these areas, should prioritize the following key considerations: 1) development of interpretive programs that align with the unique features and highlights of each area to enhance visitors' learning experiences, 2) active involvement of local communities in tourism development initiatives, and 3) provision of basic service facilities to support visitor activities. This is a normative assessment, and future studies should focus on the ways that tourism is reshaping these landscapes and livelihoods.

Assessing Ecotourism Potential in Protected Areas to Contribute to Sustainable Rural Development (Case Study: Arasbaran Protected Area- Mishehpareh Dehestan)

Although several research projects on rock art have been conducted in northern Tanzania, the Lake region and central Tanzania in the past, none of them has discovered cupule and gong features. Also, these early research undertakings did not document and interpret the rock engravings, cupules, hollows and gongs from the local people’s perspectives. This study sought to fill that gap through a fresh look at the rock art. It investigated and recorded ten sites in Singida region, and collected oral accounts from the local people. The fieldwork entailed systematic reconnaissance surveys which helped to discover and document more rock art sites that were not known by the scientific community as well as by the locals. Ethnographic inquiries were conducted to explore the varied meanings of the noted artistic features within the culture of the communities associated with them. Although the neighbouring Kondoa rock art sites are on the UNESCO World Heritage List, no single study has hitherto reported cupules and gongs rock engravings. Thus, this research is the first to report and discuss in detail the occurrence, types, and spread of rock paintings together with the engravings of the Singida region.

The development of cultural heritage tourism has become a world-wide issue recent years. There is increasing pressure between cultural heritage conservation and tourism industry growth, however, the sustainable integration of cultural heritage and tourism can results in positive and synergistic effect on the whole system. Thus the research on sustainable development of cultural heritage tourism is increasing significant in a global scale. China is the typical country that facing the dilemma of pursuing tourism industry growth and cultural heritage protection, an integrated framework that can guide the cultural heritage tourism towards sustainability is necessary and urgent at present.&#13;\n&#13;\nLijiang Old Town in Lijiang and China’s Lane in Chengdu are used as comparative case study. Aspects related to sustainable cultural heritage tourism development are examined and evaluated according to the conceptual framework, including heritage conservation performance such as resource integrity, cultural authenticity, publicity and education; tourism industry performance such as economic growth, marketing and branding strategies, tourist satisfaction; mechanism performance such as policy support, stakeholder cooperation, assessment and monitoring mechanism, etc. It is found out that China’s Lane has a better performance than Lijiang Old Town due to its government-guide development mode and right segregation system. While it is also found that the cultural authenticity is decreasing both in Lijiang Old Town and China’s Lane largely due to the displacement of indigenous population and the disruption of local community network.&#13;\n&#13;\nIt is concluded that the role of government should shift from dominance to guidance, right segregation management mode should be promoted and effective and comprehensive assessment and monitoring mechanism should be established regarding the development of cultural heritage tourism in China. Moreover, cultural authenticity and local community network as the core of cultural heritage conservation should be highly valued by various sectors in the society, since they are the basic and essence to ensure long-term development of cultural heritage tourism towards sustainability.