Hephaestion's Death:A Moment of Grief for Alexander or a Catalyst for his Quest for Immortality?

Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky (1804-1878) is well known as apathologist in medical history literature. This article provides adetailed account of his family and artistic background and also analyses his demands for freedom in both science and the arts, and how they influenced subsequent generations of the Rokitansky family. The Rokitansky, Teltscher, Hüttenbrenner and Lablache families were either directly present at Ludwig van Beethoven's (1770-1827) deathbed or played arole in his funeral ceremony; within afew years they had also built family ties. The descendants of these families also went on to support artists such as Gustav Mahler (1860-1911), Thomas Bernhard (1931-1989) and Peter Turrini(born 1944). Rokitansky's wife was the internationally recognized concert singer Marie Weis (1806-1888), who had been trained by Antonio Salieri (1750-1825). Through her the family developed cordial relationships with Salieri, Franz Schubert (1797-1828) and Franz Grillparzer (1791-1872), which in turn resulted in indirect links to Ludwig van Beethoven. Grillparzer later supported liberal causes together with Rokitansky. Beethoven's death marked the beginning of the Rokitansky and Weis family ties to the art world, whose descendants in turn influenced the cultural landscape of Austria according to Rokitansky's ideal of freedom in science and art.

This article examines the concept of anthropocentrism, highlighting the differences and similarities in the worldviews reflected in the languages of native Russian and Persian speakers, and exploring the specific characteristics of ritual terminology associated with the events of birth and death. An attempt is made to identify typical features of speech formulas of congratulations and sympathy as cultural and linguistic markers that reveal the peculiarities of the Russian and Iranian worldviews. The research material consists of speech samples in the form of utterances and remarks common in expressing emotive speech acts – congratulations, condolences. In writing the article, mainly traditional methods were used: pragmatic, semantic and stylistic interpretation, conceptual analysis, interpretive analysis, and sociolinguistic analysis of the synchronic state of speech etiquette. The scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying the key characteristics of established etiquette, in determining the common specific characteristics in Russian and Persian etiquette speech acts. The vocabulary, traditional etiquette, and heritage of customs of a particular ethnic group are shaped over centuries, reflecting its experience and becoming an integral part of life, teaching both young and subsequent generations norms, rules, and established patterns of behavior and interaction. Adherence to traditions in communication influences both the individual's spiritual world and serves as a tool for maintaining and reinforcing habitual patterns of everyday interactions and social connections through the inculcation of moral values.

Introduction. The article discusses the religious rites and holidays of the Mordovian-Erzya associated with housing and outbuildings. The venue for a large number of them was the house (kudo). Currently, many of these traditions have been lost or transformed under the influence of Christianity. The authors pay attention to the relics of the ordinary culture of the Mordva-Erzya surviving at the present stage. Materials and Methods. The research is based on traditional methods of ethnographic science, such as field observation, questioning and interviews, and an integrated approach. Of the methods of historical science, comparative-historical, historical-genetic, problem-chronological, structural-system were used. Among the general scientific research methods, logical, descriptive-narrative, generalization, classification and systematization were involved. To achieve the results of the study, we mainly used materials collected by the authors during field surveys conducted in Erzya-Mordovian villages. Results and Discussion. In the traditional rituals of the Mordovian-Erzya, housing and outbuildings play an important role. They are not only the venue for many ceremonies and festivals, but also have their divine patrons, so people have endowed many buildings with sacred and magical properties. Structural and architectural details of the home have always tried to decorate. At the same time, the traditional decor bore a sacred and protective meaning. Since ancient times, Mordovian has been in contact with many peoples, which has affected its material and spiritual culture. Currently, many Mordovian-Erzya traditions have transformed, but have not completely disappeared. Co-stored, for example, are some wedding and, especially, funeral and memorial rites. The desire to bury and commemorate relatives according to the rules established in the popular milieu became the reason for the existence and passing on of this ritual to subsequent generations. Conclusion. Basically, the dwelling was the venue for maternity, wedding and funeral ceremonies. Therefore, the Mordovian-Erzya especially appreciated and protected her house (kudo) from evil spirits. On holidays, they sought to decorate the house, and ozks prayers were dedicated to the housekeepers, which often ended in offering them sacrificial food. Currently, many rituals and traditions are forgotten, others exist in a transformed form. However, housing and farm buildings play an important role in the life and culture of the Mordovian people.