Abstract
VISUALIZATION of the cystic and common ducts can be accomplished regularly if a suitable meal is administered following cholecystographic visualization of the gall bladder (7). This occurs presumably as the result of contraction of the gall bladder and simultaneous relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi. Visualization of the hepatic duct system above the junction of the cystic and common ducts is unusual. The present report is of four such cases. There have been few reports made previously and none has been found since that of Bronner (15). A brief review of biliary physiology reveals that the following are more or less accepted principles. The gall bladder and the bile ducts are supplied with elastic tissue. In addition, the gall bladder has a muscular coat, the fibers of which are arranged to facilitate concentric contraction (1). It is generally conceded that there is a sphincteric action, if not a definite muscular sphincter, at the choledocho-duodenal junction (2). The muscles are innervated by both the...
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