Hemoglobin glutathionylation can occur through cysteine sulfenic acid intermediate: Electrospray ionization LTQ-Orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometry studies

Abstract

Glutathionylated hemoglobin (Hb-SSG) is now recognized as a promising biomarker of systemic oxidative stress. Aim of this study is to gain a mechanistic insight into its formation. The ability of GSSG to form Hb-SSG through a thiol-disulfide exchange mechanism was firstly examined. For this purpose, GSSG (ranging from 0.23 to 230 μmol/g Hb, 15 μM–15 mM final concentrations) was incubated with 1 mM Hb and the relative content of Hb-SSG determined by direct infusion mass spectrometry (Orbitrap as analyzer). No detectable Hb-SSG was observed at a GSSG concentration range found in physiopathological conditions (0.13–0.23 μmol/g Hb). To reach a detectable Hb-SSG signal, the GSSG concentration was raised to 2.3 μmol/g Hb (0.5% relative abundance). The relative content of Hb-GSSG dose-dependently increased to 6% and 11% at 77 and 153 μmol/g Hb, respectively. The second step was to demonstrate whether Hb-SSG is formed through a sulfenic acid intermediate, a well-recognized mechanism of S-protein glutathionylation. Cys β93 sulfenic acid was found to be formed by oxidizing Hb with 1 mM H 2O 2, as demonstrated by direct infusion and LC–ESI-MS/MS experiments and using dimedone as derivatazing agent. When H 2O 2-treated Hb was incubated with physiological concentrations of GSH (9 μmol/g Hb), the corresponding Hb-SSG form was detected, reaching 15% of relative abundance. In summary, we here demonstrate that Hb glutathionylation can occur through a Cys sulfenic acid intermediate which is formed in oxidizing conditions. Hb glutathionylation is also mediated by a thiol-disulfide transfer mechanism, but this requires a concentration of GSSG which is far to be achieved in physiopathological conditions.