Helminthic Food-Borne Infections

To identify demographic, behavioural and environmental determinants of intestinal parasitic infection, evaluate the impact of a variety of dry sanitation systems on intestinal parasitic infection, and evaluate the safety of using stored biosolids in agriculture in order to guide future sanitation interventions in rural areas of El Salvador. Interviews were conducted with 109 households in eight communities where double-vaulted and solar urine-diverting desiccating latrines, pit latrines or no latrines were used. Faecal samples from 499 individuals were tested for enteric helminths and protozoa. Users of solar desiccating latrines had the lowest prevalence of enteric parasite infection. Double-vault, urine-diverting desiccating latrines effectively reduced the transmission of some pathogens, but may not achieve the conditions sufficient for the complete destruction of the more environmentally persistent pathogens, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. Contact with inadequately treated latrine biosolids was associated with an increased risk of Ascaris infection. Solar latrines were associated with the overall lowest prevalence of enteric parasitic infections. Members of households where latrine biosolids were used in agriculture had a higher prevalence of infection than those where biosolids were buried. We therefore recommend the promotion of solar latrines in rural areas of El Salvador over other dry sanitation systems, and recommend that stored biosolids not be used in agriculture.

Helminth infections are the most common infections in developing countries and still need to be eradicated. Fresh vegetables can be the source for transmission of helminth egg to humans. The aims of this paper are to identify the types of helminth egg which found in vegetables and prevention efforts according to the helminth life cycle. A literature review was arranged by review of 4 articles Indonesian research journal, 22 articles non Indonesia research journal, WHO website, and textbooks relevant to the study topic. The paper describes list of helminth eggs in vegetables, environmental, behaviors, and host-related helminth analyzes in vegetables, and prevention efforts based life cycle of helminthes. The study found that helminth eggs in vegetables were not only Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) Nematode such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Strongyloides stercoralis, but also another nematode (Trichostrongylus, Toxocara, Trichocephal, and Enterobius vermicularis), cestoda groups (Taenia spp., Hymenolepis nana, and H. diminuta), Trematode groups (Heterophyes heterophyes, Clonorchis sinensis, Fasciola, and Dicrocoelium dendriticum). Each helminthes species have a different life cycle and intermediate host. Our prevention efforts to avoid infection risk require cooperation across programs, sectors, and community and should consider the helminth life cycles.

This chapter describes the clinical features, diagnosis, transmission, incubation and transmission periods, occurrence, distribution, control, prevention, treatment (e.g., fluid therapy, oral rehydration therapy, drug therapy) and surveillance of foodborne diseases, including food poisoning caused by bacteria and toxins, Campylobacter enteritis, trichinosis and infections caused by intestinal fluke (Fasciolopsis buski), sheep liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica), fish-transmitted fluke (Clonorchis sinensis), lung fluke (Paragonimus westermani), fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum), beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata) and pork tapeworm (T. solium).

Helminth Infections in Children.

Human medical view on zoonotic parasites

<p><strong>Indonesia is a developing country that has various risk factors that can cause parasitic infections to develop. The role of the life cycle of worms and other parasites has been widely studied before. However, there is still little review of its pathogenesis in Indonesia. The purpose of this article is to examine the role of the parasite life cycle in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. Based on this review, it can be concluded that <em>Diphyllobothrium latum, Taenia solium, Echinococus granulosus, Hymenolepis nana, Dypilidium caninum, Schistosoma japonicum, Fasciolopsis buski, Heterophyes, Echinostoma, Clonorchis sinensis, Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocoemani, Paragon dencarisius, trichiura, Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, Stongyloides stercoralis, Trichinela spiralis, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, and Wuchereria bancrofti</em> have different life cycles. This difference will have an impact on the different pathogenesis for each infection. Enforcement and treatment also differ based on the underlying pathogenesis.</strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong> – L<em>ife Cycle, Parasite, Patogenesis, Infectious disease</em></p>

With the improvement of people's living standards,the domestic aquaculture grows fast and many fishery products import to the inland,the food safety problems caused by food-borne parasite are becoming increasingly serious,in addition to the problems caused by the heavy metal and pathogenic microorganism.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) made a list of 10 kinds of mermaid contract parasites,and regarded parasite as the top biohazard factor,especially the mermaid contract parasites.For example,the Diphyllobothrium and the Anisakis can parasite in the salmon,trout and tuna while the metacercaria Clonorchis sinensis can parasite in the freshwater fish,like the common grass carp and Pseudorasbora parva.So they may cause many parasitic diseases,and raise the new challenges for the sanitary authority.This article analyzed the hazard factors in the fishery products,like Anisakia,Gnathostoma,Diphyllobothrium,Clonorchis sinensis,and provide useful information for the studies in the safety of fishery products. Key words: Fishery product; Parasite; Risk factor

Background: The habit of raw fish eating is common among fishermen and people around lakes. Thus periodic assessment to determine fish tapeworm and helminthic infection is important. Objective: To determine the presence of fish tape worm and other helminthic parasites. Methods: A cross sectional coproparasitologic study was conducted during the month of November, 1998 among 150 children under the age of 15 engaged in fishing, and fish processing in Awassa Southern Ethiopia. All study subjects were screened for fish tape worm and other intestinal helminthic infections. Stool samples were examined microscopically using direct smear, Formol ether concentration and Zinc Sulphate flotation techniques. Results: The over all prevalence for at least one helminthic infection was 92.7%. The most prevalent parasites were A.lumbricoides (76%), Hook worm species (62.5%) T.trichuria (60%) and S.mansoni (33%). Three cases of Hetrophid infections transmitted by eating raw fish were also recorded. Conclusion: The public health implication of intestinal parasites among the study groups is discussed and necessary recommendations are suggested. (Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 2001, 15(1): 31-37)

Introduction and importanceNeurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common helminthic central nervous system infection (CNS) in the Western hemisphere and the most common cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide. Due to its relatively prolonged latent period and clinical similarity to other infectious diseases – including bacterial or viral meningitis and other helminthic infections – NCC may be difficult to diagnose, especially for clinicians who rarely encounter it.Case presentationThis case report discusses a patient with obstructive hydrocephalus and eosinophilic meningitis secondary to racemose NCC. The diagnosis process was initially complicated by the patient's history of pork allergy and absence of radiographic evidence of helminthic CNS infection. Further investigation showed a 4th ventricle multi-cystic lesion causing hydrocephalus which prompted a surgical intervention with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) in conjunction with anti-helminthic medical treatment. At 1-year follow-up, the patient has reported recurrence of VPS related complications.Clinical discussionLarval cysts typically deposit within the brain parenchyma, making them easily detected on head computed tomography (CT) scans and leading to neurologic sequelae such as epilepsy. In this case, the absence of CT evidence of NCC and the patient's lifelong history of pork allergy slowed the diagnosis process.ConclusionRacemose NCC is a rare subset of the disease in which cyst clusters occupy the extra parenchymal space, thereby changing the symptomatic profile and making the cysts more difficult to visualize in imaging studies. In this case, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was the best imaging modality to diagnosis extra parenchymal NCC and guide its surgical management.

BackgroundClonorchiasis caused by Clonorchis sinensis is a zoonotic parasitic disease characterized by cholangitis, biliary proliferation, biliary fibrosis, and even cholangiocarcinoma. Our previous study showed that the expression of interleukin (IL)-33 is increased in both humans and mice infected by C. sinensis, suggesting that IL-33 is potentially involved in the pathogenesis of clonorchiasis. However, the roles and potential mechanism of IL-33 underlying remain unknown.MethodsWild-type (WT) and IL-33 knockout (KO) mice (BALB/c female mice) were orally infected with 45 metacercariae of C. sinensis for 8 weeks. Biliary injuries and fibrosis were extensively evaluated. Hepatic type II cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10) were detected by ELISA.ResultsFor wild-type mice, we found that the mice infected with C. sinensis showed severe biliary injuries and fibrosis compared with the normal mice that were free from worm infection. In addition, the levels of type II cytokines such as IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10 in infected wild-type mice were significantly higher than in the control mice without infection (P < 0.05). However, IL-33 deficiency (IL-33 KO) prevents the augmentation of biliary injuries and fibrosis caused by C. sinensis infection. Furthermore, the increased levels of these type II cytokines induced by worm infection were also reversed in IL-33 KO mice.ConclusionOur present study demonstrates that IL-33 contributes to the pathogenesis of C. sinensis-induced biliary injuries and repair, which can potentially orchestrate type 2 responses. These findings highlight the pathophysiological role of IL-33 in the progression of clonorchiasis.

The parasitic helminthes include trematodes (flukes), cestodes (tapeworms), and nematodes (roundworms) 31.1. Although the most common method of diagnosing gastrointestinal helminthic infections is examination of stool for ova and parasites, these organisms are occasionally detected in biopsy or resection specimens. In addition, worms are increasingly frequently visualized endoscopically. Gastrointestinal helminths have a worldwide distribution, but their clinical importance varies with geographic region. They are more often a cause of serious disease in nations with deficient sanitation systems, poor socio-economic status, and hot, humid climates. Helminthic infections may be encountered in immigrants, however, as well as patients who travel to endemic areas, and they are an increasingly important problem in immunocompromised hosts. Helminths can cause severe and life-threatening nutritional problems, especially in children. The most common site of anatomic infection is the small bowel, although the stomach and large bowel may be involved. Hookworms, roundworms (both Ascaris and Enterobius), and whipworms are the most common helminthic infections in humans. A more detailed discussion of selected helminthic gastrointestinal infections is given below.

Soil – Transmitted Helminths (STH) infection is one of the most common infections in the world, especially for the poor society. Worm infections spread through eggs in human feces that contaminate soils where the level of sanitation is bad. Worm infections are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, one of which is Indonesia. Around 568 million school-age children have high potential for STH because they live in an areas prone to STH infections (WHO, 2017a). Soil Transmitted Helminths Infection is a health problem with a high prevalence in the tropics and subtropics, especially Indonesia. Children with the primary school age are the group that most often suffer from infection because more daily activities are in contact with the soil and in clean living behavior is still low. The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship between sex and Helminths Infection, nail hygiene and using footwear with the incidence of helminthiasis in students in the city of Sibolga. The results obtained from this study are the number of students infected by helminthiasis by 33.82%, based on male gender as many as 20 students (60.6%) of the 44 students examined and the number of infected women as many as 18 students (39.4 %) of 41 female students examined. The results of the category assessment, for the category of nail hygiene with a good 32.94 percent (28 students) and the category is less good at 67.06 percent (57 people). From the bivariate analysis there was no relationship between sex and helminthiasis. The results of nail hygiene analysis, there is a significant relationship between nail hygiene with helminthiasis infection with a value of p = 0.009 and the value of the prevalence ratio of 2.751. Analysis using footwear, there is a significant relationship between the habit of using footwear with helminthiasis infection with a value of p = 0.004 with a prevalence ratio value of 3.195. From the results of the multiple logistic regression test, the most influential value between nail hygiene and using footwear is using footwear with a p value = 0.009 with a constant value of 3.410.

Background Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of preventable and treatable diseases, in which soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are among the most common infections worldwide. Most affected are the children and this review aims to identify the prevalence, risk factors and impact of STH in an urban area. Methodology This review was guiding using PRISMA review protocol incorporating the research question of “What is the prevalence, risk factors and impact of helminth infection among urban children in tropical countries?". The databases used in this review include SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE, OVID MEDLINE and PUBMED. The articles used include observational and interventional studies conducted among children aged 18 years and less from 2010 to 2020. The main outcome measure was risk factors of STH infection seen in urban children includes social backgrounds, sanitation and policy. Results From the initial 973 articles found in the database searching, only 13 articles selected for qualitative synthesis after exclusion and screening for eligibility done. The overall prevalence of helminth infection among urban children ranges from 4.8-48.9%. The associated factor that influences helminth infection among children living in an urban area are age, male more common than female, low socioeconomic status, low parents’ education level, living in an urban slum or crowded area, low water quality and sanitation practice and poor hygiene practice. The deworming tablets consumption acts as protective factors for helminth infections. The medium haemoglobin value was significantly lower in helminth-infected children compared to uninfected children and the stunting, underweight as well as moderate acute malnutrition were attributable to helminth infections. Conclusion The prevalence and intensity of helminthiasis were heterogeneous among urban areas of developing countries, however, the endemicity is still high. Further efforts including healthy policies, continuous national deworming programmes and multi-sectoral partnership are required to reduce the prevalence of helminthiasis in the urban area.

According to an estimate, the chronic infections caused by certain pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites contribute to about 18% of the global burden of cancer; helminth infections attributing to only small part of it. Carcinogenesis associated with the helminthes infections induced development of cancer is a complicated event involving several different mechanisms varying from one species of parasite to another. Parasite infections evoke immune responses in the host which finally result into inflammatory reactions. The chronic inflammatory processes produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). These free radicals may cause DNA damage resulting into genetic instabilities and occurrence of malignancy. The parasites or their eggs or their excretory-secretary products exhibit potential to induce proliferation of some cells in the affected tissues which harbor DNA damage. The existing reports indicate that helminth infections may trigger cancer in the organs of their infection for example Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis viverrini may induce cholangiocarcinoma (cancer of gall bladder and hepatocarcinoma) and Schistosoma haematobium and its other species are known to cause urinary bladder cancer. In many cases of helminth infections mediated carcinogenesis, the DNA damage by free radicals or inflammatory responses at damaged host tissues is demonstrated. Therefore the knowledge about the mechanisms of helminthes mediated DNA damage may be of great importance in management of parasite infections and reduction of incidences of parasites induced cancer thereby improving the quality of human lives. This article presents an updated account of helminthes infection mediated genotoxicity, DNA damage mechanisms and consequences.

62 - Other Cestode Infections: Intestinal Cestodes, Cysticercosis, Other Larval Cestode Infections