Hegemony of Masculinity in Eka Kurniawan's Seperti Dendam, Rindu Harus Dibayar Tuntas

This article delves into the presentation of masculinity and cultural identity in diaspora literature, honing in on Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Americanah. The study seeks to understand how cultural expectations and power dynamics contribute to the construction of masculinity within Nigerian diasporic communities, utilizing Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity. Furthermore, it seeks to examine the impact of cultural fusion on the development of masculinity and cultural identity in male main characters in the chosen novel and to investigate how the intersections of race, gender, and immigrant background converge to influence the formation of masculinity in Americanah. Through a thorough examination of the male characters, the research delves into their engagements with dominant norms while striving to establish their sense of self and connection. The primary discoveries underscore the complex interplay among race, gender, and the immigrant background in moulding not only personal but also communal identities. The investigation pinpoints occurrences of defiance and rebellion against the prevailing masculine norms, while also exploring the potential for cultural amalgamation to redefine conventional ideas of masculinity. This scholarly inquiry enriches the comprehension of the intricate dynamics surrounding masculinity and cultural identification, providing valuable perspectives on the nuances of diasporic encounters and their influence on identity formation within diasporic literary works. In addition, this learned analysis creates opportunities for more inquiries into the relationships among sex, ethnicity, and individuality in contemporary literature, ultimately propelling the awareness of different plots within migrant communities.

This article explores the concept of toxic masculinity in The Witch Elm (2018), a novel by Tana French, using R.W. Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity and Amy Wharton's sociology of gender frameworks. The research focuses on the protagonist, Toby, who shows toxic masculine traits such as emotional suppression, independence, aggression, and vulnerability avoidance. The study uses qualitative descriptive analysis, examining key scenes in the novel in which these behaviors manifest, especially in relation to family and romantic partners. Through this analysis, the findings reveal how toxic masculinity not only contributes to Toby's deteriorating mental health but also isolates him emotionally, resulting in damaged relationships and increased psychological distress. Ultimately, the article concludes that toxic masculinity extends emotional isolation, reinforcing harmful gender norms that prevent men from seeking support or expressing vulnerability. The research contributes to a broader discourse on how societal expectations of masculinity negatively impact individual males while continuing gender inequality. The study highlights the importance of challenging these norms to foster healthier emotional expression, stronger relationships, and more fair gender dynamics in society.

Advertisement as a visual communication media plays a role in forming and representing a social construction, including the concept of masculinity. In this context, masculinity often forms a hegemonic pattern that is dominant. This study examines alternatives to the representation of male masculinity in the Kahf #DetikDetikBerkahf advertisement on the YouTube platform. This study aims to explain the forms of masculinity representation displayed in the visualization of the Kahf #DetikDetikBerkahf video clip advertisement, as well as to examine the meaning behind these visual signs. The method used in the study is an interpretive qualitative method with a Roland Barthes semiotic approach, which analyzes denotative, connotative, and mythical meanings. Data collection techniques are carried out through primary and secondary data. Primary data includes visual clips that show non-hegemonic masculinity, then secondary data is obtained from literature studies, previous research, and other relevant publication sources. The theory of hegemonic masculinity by R. W. Connell is used as a conceptual framework to understand the social construction of masculinity in advertising. The results of the study found that the representation of masculinity in an advertisement does not need to show a dominant attitude towards women and men (with subordinate masculinity). However, the expression of masculinity that can be shown is the ability to serve women, obey worship, mix with the environment, and do self-care.

Henry Kojo Bonsu-Owu's doctoral thesis, which analyses 182 beer and bitters advertisements in Ghana, combines Taylor's messaging strategies with Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity. He examines how advertising links characteristic elements of friendship, dominance and sexuality with the implication of different types of beverages, which reinforce masculine stereotypes. It invites us to reflect deeply on visual messages and their impact on male identity. From a Public Relations perspective, it highlights the non-Western approach and its ethical call to rethink the role of graphic communication.

The Australian sociologist Raewyn Connell's theory of masculinity is the most influential theory in the field of men and masculinities. Along with its enormous impact on the field of gender studies, it has also been taken up across a wide range of other disciplines. Connell's book Masculinities, originally published in 1995, has been translated into five different languages and since it was first published its influence has increased with an English second edition being published in 2005. A crucial part of the enduring appeal of Connell's theory is that it provides a critical feminist analysis of historically specific masculinities whilst at the same time acknowledging the varying degrees to which individual men play in its reproduction. Yet, as I suggest here, three key elements of Connell's theory of masculinity have been largely neglected by other scholars. These are: the crucial influence of psychoanalysis and subsequent use of the life history case study method; the importance of non-hegemonic forms of masculinity; and the concept of cathexis. Because this article weaves parts of Connell's own life history into the development of the theory, it is based on a variety of sources, including two interviews with Connell.

Advertising is a strategic medium in shaping and reproducing social construction, including gender representation. This research aims to reveal the representation of hegemonic masculinity in Extra Joss Ultimate energy drink advertisements using Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotic analysis and R.W. Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity. Advertisements are analyzed not only as commercial messengers but also shape and reproducing social constructions, especially gender ideology. Data was obtained from one 30-second video ad divided into five main scenes. The analysis was conducted by identifying icons, indices, and symbols in visual, verbal, and audio elements and associating them with hegemonic masculinity structures such as physical strength, competitiveness, and male dominance. The results show that Extra Joss advertisements represent men as strong, fearless, complacent, and passionate, while feminine values or alternative masculinities are almost eliminated. The sign system used reinforces patriarchal ideology through naturalizing masculine symbols as natural and ideal. Thus, advertising functions not only as a promotional tool but also as a medium for producing meaning that perpetuates gender inequality in the public sphere. The findings contribute to media and gender studies, opening up space for critical readings of male representation in Indonesian popular culture.

Toxic masculinity is a manifestation of excessive masculine dominance, including violence, aggression, and suppression of emotions. This study analyses how toxic masculinity is reflected in two of Edgar Allan Poe's short stories, The Black Cat (1845) and The Tell-Tale Heart (1843). Using a qualitative approach and R. W. Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity, this study reveals that toxic masculinity in both stories is seen through aggressive domination, violence against weak groups, and the failure of the main characters to manage their emotions. In The Black Cat, toxic masculinity manifests through violence against animals and his wife, fuelled by alcoholism. Meanwhile, in The Tell-Tale Heart, the physical domination of an old man reflects the need to assert power. This research demonstrates the relevance of this phenomenon to the challenges of modern society and recommends interdisciplinary analyses to deepen the understanding of the impact of toxic masculinity on social relationships.

While important work has been produced on discourses of masculinity and the normative masculine ideals in nineteenth‐ and twentieth‐century Europe we know very little about the actual experiences and self‐images of individual men. This article, largely based on oral history interviews with former deserters, analyses the gendered identities of Austrian men who were recruited to serve in the Wehrmacht and who later deserted.Deserters were brutally persecuted in the Third Reich and denounced as ‘traitors’ and ‘cowards’. The glorification of martial masculinity in Nazi Germany played a crucial role in the defamation of deserters, whose manliness was called into question. Based on Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity, the article aims to establish the actual influence of dominant ideals of masculinity. It investigates how these deserters perceived themselves as men and how they negotiated their gendered identities in interaction with their surroundings. The analysis reveals the considerable influence of the hegemonic ideal of ‘hard’ masculinity, which was far greater than the impact of the rather short‐lived ideal of martial masculinity. But it also demonstrates the contradictory nature of gendered identities and gives valuable insights into the selective appropriation of masculine values.

BackgroundTo date, research on bodily changes following bariatric surgery has focused predominantly on women, leaving the long-term experience of men relatively unexplored. In this paper, we draw on interviews with men who have undergone an irreversible gastric bypass procedure to explore their bodily changes more than 4 years post-surgery. We apply a phenomenological framework that draws on Leder's perspectives on the “disappearing” and “dys-appearing” body, combined with a gender-sensitive lens that draws on Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity and Robertson's conceptions of embodied masculinity.FindingsOur principal finding was that the men negotiated their bodily changes following bariatric surgery in profoundly ambivalent ways. Although they enthusiastically praised the surgery for improving their health, self-esteem, and social functioning, they also emphasized their efforts to cope with post-surgical side effects and life-threatening complications. Our analysis elaborates on their efforts to adjust to and come to terms with these changes, focusing on episodes of hypoglycemia, severe pain and internal herniation, and the significance of physical activity and exercise. ConclusionsOur findings point to the need to acknowledge men's ways of making sense of profound and ongoing bodily changes following bariatric surgery and how these negotiations are closely intertwined with masculine ideals of embodiment and social value.

The constitution of Bangladesh aims to ensure a discrimination free world guaranteeing women equal access to political and public life. The ratification of CEDAW, adaptation of both MDG and SDG by the government also promote this goal. Dhaka requires an efficient transportation system to ensure the freedom of mobility for all. However, the public buses of Dhaka are insecure, unreliable, congested and unsafe. As a result, the women and children suffer the most while boarding a bus. They have to face both physical and emotional pain. This consequently restricts women's mobility rights. As men are responsible for creating a gender insensitive commuting environment inside public buses, their perceptions on the fact is to be explored. This chapter with the help of the researcher' research data (for Masters' thesis) from 2015-2016, highlights on men's perceptions of commuting environment women experience in public buses in Dhaka city. How these perceptions are shaped as an outcome of hegemonic masculinity is also analysed in this chapter using Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity.

This chapter argues that any ethnographic study of masculinity must begin with R.W. Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity. It has been incredibly influential in masculinity research since the 1980s, and has greatly influenced some early work of Egyptian masculinity and sexuality. As the only social constructionist analytic developed specifically for studying masculinity, hegemonic masculinity has been widely used since its 1985 introduction. Drawing explicitly from feminist theory and Marxist sociology, Connell sought to reconcile the lived reality of inequality among men with the fact of men's group dominance over women. This new theory sought to examine hierarchical inequality among men, relate analysis of masculinity to feminist insights on the social construction of gender, and resist the dichotomy of structure versus the individual plaguing contemporary studies of gender and class.

The constitution of Bangladesh aims to ensure a discrimination free world guaranteeing women equal access to political and public life. The ratification of CEDAW, adaptation of both MDG and SDG by the government also promote this goal. Dhaka requires an efficient transportation system to ensure the freedom of mobility for all. However, the public buses of Dhaka are insecure, unreliable, congested and unsafe. As a result, the women and children suffer the most while boarding a bus. They have to face both physical and emotional pain. This consequently restricts women's mobility rights. As men are responsible for creating a gender insensitive commuting environment inside public buses, their perceptions on the fact is to be explored. This chapter with the help of the researcher' research data (for Masters' thesis) from 2015-2016, highlights on men's perceptions of commuting environment women experience in public buses in Dhaka city. How these perceptions are shaped as an outcome of hegemonic masculinity is also analysed in this chapter using Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity.

Gender has been an essential category of analysis that has been culturally and historically embedded in society since the 90s century (Scott, 1986). Gender is not a set of defined traits of masculine and feminine roles;instead, it is connected to social, economic, and psychological aspects. This research intends to examine the changing pattern of conventional conservative masculinity amid the COVID-19 epidemic,which instigates male dominance and supremacy and prescribes an fundamental and objective manner of men's roles. Covid-19, a worldwide pandemic, brought immense health as well as socioeconomic crisis for both men and women.As men and women experience the catastrophes differently,a gendered dimension of assessing their condition due to such a pandemic is necessary. Consequently, this paper aims to explore men's miscellaneous experiences, including their socioeconomic crisis, struggle, and coping mechanisms in that outbreak period. Connell's theory of hegemonic masculinity, Talcott Parsons' functionalist theory, and Judith Lorber'sgender role theory were used to assess findings and to comprehend traditional masculinity. According to findings, men face a massive change in their way of living due to the pandemic, which brought both positive changes in their behavior as well as creating an extra burden to bear socioeconomic turmoil. However, men's involvement in family care work, participation in parenting, contribution to creating flexible conjugal relations, and agreement in the deterioration of precarious masculinity indicate a shifting prototype of traditional masculinity. Similarly, masculinity is not just a linear, homogenous, or rigid construction; it has multiple overlapping variables that evaluate the pandemic from a gendered dimension.

The militarization of US public schools, although intensifying since the events of September 11, did not start at this time but is part of the militarization of broader civil society and the “enforcement of global corporate imperatives” (Saltman 2003, 1). School militarization needs to be understood as a phenomenon that is linked to corporate globalization, which has steadily increased since 1945 (Amin 2004). In chapter 4, I argued that the militarized symbols and language at the MEI shape the identities and subjective understandings of the cadets, resulting in students viewing military enlistment and the pursuit of higher education as equally valid pathways. Recent research explored the militarization of public schools (Berlowitz and Long 2003; Giroux 2009; Robbins 2008; Saltman and Gabbard 2011), but few studies examine how militarization and militarism have an impact on the construction of gender and, particularly, masculinity. This chapter examines the construction of a hegemonic masculinity at the MEI, the nuances and effects of hegemonic masculinity for both boys and girls, as well as how militarized masculinity is resisted. This chapter begins with an examination of the literature on gender, militarization, and education. Connell’s theory of hegemonic masculinity is utilized to understand the intricacies of the construction of masculinity at the school for both boys and girls.

ABSTRACT
 The focus of this study is Sam Shepard's Eyes for Consuela, a play which scrutinizes the functions and dysfunctions of human relationships in terms of societal and family structures. In this paper we examine Eyes for Consuela as a play conveying men's struggle for identity. Moreover, it depicts how the struggle between the two leading male characters is resolved by the primary female character in the play. As such, the play dramatizes how male characters' struggle for identity is preoccupied by their relation to female characters. Shepard's play presents the journey of an American man in a Mexican remote jungle. Hence, it shows two parallel and opposing worlds, American and Mexican, which sheds the light on two different settings and identities. This also represents a struggle in the creation of male identity for the male characters. Relying on Connell's hegemonic masculinity theory, we argue that Eyes for Consuela portrays how the discrepancies in the two male identities are influenced by their different cultures. Further, we suggest that it follows Kimmel's Guyland model, by revealing how the fear of being dominated might initiate manly attitudes and encourage identity evolution.