Abstract
The aim of the paper is to assess a contamination level of forest substrates and aboveground parts of edible wild mushroom (M. procera (Scop.) Singer, B. recitulatus Schaeff., C. cibarius Fr., S. grevillei (Klotzsch) Singer, A. campestris L., R. xerampelina (Schaeff.) Fr., L. salmonicolor R. Heim & Leclair, C. gibba (Pers. Ex Fr.) Kumm., X. chrysenteron (Bull.) Quél., M. oreades (Bolton) Fr.; n = 70) by heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn). The studied location was a broader surroundigs of the historical mining and metal processing area of Banská Bystrica. The collected mushroom samples and underlying substrate samples were analysed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrofotometry and Flame Absorption Spectrophotometry with graphite furnace. Bioaccumulation factors (BAF) for individual species and their anatomical parts were calculated from the results obtained. In order to assess a health risk resulting from regular consumption of the mushrooms, provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) was calculated from the results of the monitored heavy metal concentration. Limit values for the studied contaminants (Cd: 0.49 mg.kg-1 and Pb: 1.75 mg.kg-1 for an individual with an average weight of 70 kg) are defined by FAO and WHO. Our results indicate that S. grevillei has a high bioaccumulation ability of Cd. It was confirmed by bioaccumulation factors (BAFH = 3.47 and BAFRFB = 2.30). The PTWICd value was exceeded by 4.11 times. A similar situation occurred in the case of Pb where the highest bioaccumulation factor (BAFH = 0.24 and BAFRFB = 0.19) was also recorded in the samples of S. grevillei and the PTWIPb value was exceeded by 1.35 times. In general, it can be stated that a consumption of edible wild mushrooms represent a relatively small risk of negative impact on the health of consumers.
Highlights
Heavy metals are ubiquitous environmental components, the origin of which is natural or anthropogenic (Jiang et al, 2006; Feng et al, 2003)
Our results indicate that S. grevillei has a high bioaccumulation ability of Cd
It was confirmed by bioaccumulation factors (BAFH = 3.47 and BAFRFB = 2.30)
Summary
Heavy metals are ubiquitous environmental components, the origin of which is natural or anthropogenic (Jiang et al, 2006; Feng et al, 2003). Some heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb), arsenic and esential trace elements (Cu, Zn) pose a significant risk to the quality of the environment, which influences on the health of the human population (Alloway, 2013; Jomová and Valko, 2011) They enter the environment via natural activities (volcanic activity, weathering, etc.) and anthropogenic activities Cadmium and lead belong to non-essential trace elements and are classified as toxic metals that are harmful to plants, animals and human body even at very low concentrations. Zinc and copper are classified as essential trace elements (Wuan and Okieimen, 2011; John et al, 2010), they can be toxic to humans in higher concentrations (Licata et al, 2012) They participate in the regulation of various physiological functions, including inflammatory and oxidative processes (Mocchegiani et al, 2012; Malavolta et al, 2010). Increased concentration of copper has adverse effects on the activity of the central nervous system and certain physiological processes (Grandner et al, 2013; Cappuccio et al, 2011)
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