Heavy metal remediation of textile wastewater by Scenedesmus quadricauda and Phormidium bohneri for environmental safety

Remediation of textile industrial waste water using a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) with 0.4% sodium acetate as substrate is described. In this study, waste water samples from textile industry have been used with varying optical densities of Enterobacter cloacae to assess the bio-remediation efficiency and electrical potential. Textile waste water was found to generate voltage of 502.1 mV which increased to 801.33 mV when pellet of 100 mL Enterobacter cloacae culture was mixed with textile waste water in anodic chamber. Coulombic efficiency of textile waste water alone was 57%, which increased to 80.1% with textile waste water containing 100 mL Enterobacter cloacae pellet. The present study clearly demonstrated that remediation of waste water using MFC technology can be greatly improved by the addition of Enterobacter cloacae as revealed by a decrease in COD value

India has a large network of textile industries of varying capacity and textile effluent is one of the main contributors of water pollution and it adversely affects fauna and flora. Phytoremediation technology can be effective approach for remediating contaminated sites of such textile dyeing effluents. The objective of this research is to study the efficiency of aquatic macrophytes plant contributed for remediation of textile waste water. In this study, lab scale wetland was constructed and tested with Alternanthera sessilis, sand and gravel as filter. Results indicated that, textile effluent degradation and significant reductions in TS (78%), TDS (83%), TSS (38%), COD (65%), BOD5 (66%), chloride (44%), hardness (76%) and TDS (59%) were observed by the combined use of plants within 24 hrs. The removal efficiency of unplanted were TS (50%), TDS (50%), TSS (29%), COD (27%), Hardness (57%), Chloride (26%), BOD5 (27%) respectively. When compared the removal efficiency of planted with unplanted, planted shows a maximum removal the results showed that the removal efficiencies of the organics TDS, COD and BOD5 were improved significantly with the extension of HRT. This objective of study and efficiency of plants and proposed mechanism of aquatic macrophytes plant contributed for remediation of textile waste water.

Phytoremediation of heavy metals containing textile wastewater using vetiver grass (Chrysopogone zizanioides) associated with Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been performed. Two levels of heavy metal in wastewater (<1 and 100 ppm) in two replication were treated using C. Zizanioides associated with Bacillus sp. and C. Zizanioides associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Assessment of C. zizanioides capability was determined by the efficiency of heavy metals (Cu and Cr) removal and its accumulation in both of leaves and roots of the plants. It was obtained that the experiment of low concentration of Cr was totally eliminated from 0.06 to 0.00 ppm and on the other hand, about 42.6 percent (of 118.65 to 66.06 ppm) for high concentration decreased using C. zizanioides with Bacillus sp. The use of C zizanioides associated with P. aeruginosa was also able to eliminate totally low concentration Cr in textile wastewater (0.08 to 0.00 ppm) and about 69.2 percent (158.76 to 48.9 ppm) of the high Cr concentration. Elimination of Cu from wastewater was 74.4% (0.48 to 0.12) and 55.7% (61.34 to 27.16 ppm) for the treatment using C. zizanioides with Bacillus sp. at a low and high level of concentrations respectively. Meanwhile, combined C. zizanioides with Pseudomonas aeruginosa absorb the Cu 100% (0.36 to 0.00 ppm) and 65% (64.93 to 22.77 ppm) for wastewater with low and high concentrations of Cu respectively. Combination of C. zizanioides, Bacillus sp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are fruitful in heavy metals containing wastewater remediation.

Textile industries use several types of synthetic toxic dyes having complex aromatic structures that lead to detrimental effects on ecosystems. Discharge of effluent directly into the natural environment (soil and water) adversely affects the biota. In recent years, different dye removal strategies have been adopted to control textile pollution including physical, chemical, and biological methods. Recently, exploring agro-industrial waste biomasses into biochar is being studied as an economically sustainable approach for remediation of textile wastewater and other environmental pollutants. Biochar is a black carbon produced after the pyrolysis of biomass under oxygen-limited conditions. It is proving the best adsorbent which offers advantages like high surface area, porosity, and active functional groups important for the effective removal of organic and inorganic contaminants. Biochar reduces the bioavailability of contaminants with additional environmental benefits including soil fertilizer and mitigation of climate change. The present book chapter provides a brief outline of dye types and toxicity and biochar preparation and characteristics with a detailed account of mechanism of biochar-assisted remediation of hazardous textile dyes and wastewater.

On-site performance of floating treatment wetland macrocosms augmented with dye-degrading bacteria for the remediation of textile industry wastewater

Chapter 14 - Biochar technology: A promising approach to mitigate environmental pollutants

Heavy metal contamination in wastewater is a significant concern for human health and the environment, prompting increased efforts to develop efficient and sustainable removal methods. Despite significant efforts in the last few decades, further research initiatives remain vital to comprehensively address the long-term performance and practical scalability of various adsorption methods and adsorbents for heavy metal remediation. This article aims to provide an overview of the mechanisms, kinetics, and applications of diverse adsorbents in remediating heavy metal-contaminated effluents. Physical and chemical processes, including ion exchange, complexation, electrostatic attraction, and surface precipitation, play essential roles in heavy metal adsorption. The kinetics of adsorption, influenced by factors such as contact time, temperature, and concentration, directly impact the rate and effectiveness of metal removal. This review presents an exhaustive analysis of the various adsorbents, categorized as activated carbon, biological adsorbents, agricultural waste-based materials, and nanomaterials, which possess distinct advantages and disadvantages that are linked to their surface area, porosity, surface chemistry, and metal ion concentration. To overcome challenges posed by heavy metal contamination, additional research is necessary to optimize adsorbent performance, explore novel materials, and devise cost-effective and sustainable solutions. This comprehensive overview of adsorption mechanisms, kinetics, and diverse adsorbents lays the foundation for further research and innovation in designing optimized adsorption systems and discovering new materials for sustainable heavy metal remediation in wastewater.

The brewing industry consumes a large amount of water needed for brewing, rinsing, and cooling purposes, and therefore produces huge amount of effluents. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the use of Moringa oleiferra (MO) powder and synthesized 1.0 and 2.0 g TiO2NPs as green synthesized nano-particles for the remediation of brewery wastewater using standard methods. The raw wastewater sample characterization for pH, BOD, COD, Lead and coliform count were: 7.26, 935, 1045, 0.083 mg/L and 136 cfu/100 mL respectively. Results of the UV – Visible spectrophotometer showed the maximum wavelength of 275, 275, 278 and 282.50 nm for 5:20, 10:20, 15:20, 20:20 of MO and TiO2 ratio respectively, while the FTIR results show the presence of oxygen surface complex groups such as hydroxyl and carbonyl. The SEM reveals a porous surface area accompanied by several wide opening pores of different sizes and shapes, while EDX shows the concentration of titanium, Sulphur and silicon in percent weight; 85.79, 2.96 and 1.46 % respectively. Results of the wastewater treated with 50 g defatted M. oleiferra revealed the removal efficiency of 47, 93.2, 56.2, 18, 31.3, 97, 76.1, 81 and 71% for Turbidity, COD, EC, Nitrate, Nitrite, BOD, TS, TDS and TSS respectively. Results of wastewater treated with 1.0 g of TiO2 NPs showed the removal efficiency of 97.8, 94.64, 53.5, 34.2 and 35.1% for COD, BOD, EC, Nitrate and Nitrite respectively. That of 2.0 g of TiO2 NPs showed the removal efficiency of 67, 58, and 87% for Cu, Pb, and Ag respectively. Conclusively, M. oleiferra and varying proportions of green synthesized TiO2 NPs were effective in the remediation of the wastewater from brewery industry as it improves its physicochemical properties, but not so much for the heavy metal concentration.

Textile effluents containing toxic heavy metals pose serious risks to aquatic ecosystems and public health. Here, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized via chemical reduction and green routes using plant extracts and fungal filtrates, then immobilized in chitosan and cellulose matrices for remediation of textile-relevant wastewater. Characterization (UV–Vis, FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD) confirmed nanoscale, crystalline, predominantly spherical AgNPs with route-dependent surface functionality. Batch tests showed high removal of Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, and Cr6+ (typically &amp;gt; 90%), governed by surface complexation, electrostatic interactions, and adsorption-assisted redox processes. Non-linear isotherm (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin) and kinetic analyses (PFO, PSO, intraparticle diffusion) with RMSE/χ2/AlCc model selection clarified rate-controlling steps and capacities. Biopolymer immobilization enabled multi-cycle regeneration with low Ag leaching and concurrent dye decolorization, improving environmental safety and handling. The results support an integrated materials-to-process pathway compatible with effluent treatment trains; future work targets column operation, scale-up, and techno-economic assessment.

Review of MXenes as a component in smart textiles and an adsorbent for textile wastewater remediation

Chapter Five - The role of multifunctional nanomaterials in the remediation of textile wastewaters

Global industrialization and urbanization have led to serious, alarming levels of environmental pollution. Due to the property of high solubility in the aqueous solutions, heavy metals can quickly be absorbed by all living organisms. Once they enter the food chain, it is challenging to detoxify them. Metals are a part of the biological systems, but up to a certain permissible limit, beyond that limit, it becomes hazardous. The physical and chemical technologies require special equipment, it is also labor intensive as well as very costly. Whereas biological technologies of remediation are gaining popularity in order to solve the increasing levels of contamination in the environment. During the recent studies, it is clear that lime precipitation proves to be as one of the effective technique in order to treat inorganic effluent having a concentration of metal higher than 1000 mg/L; usage of new adsorbents, as well as the technique of membrane filtration, are frequently studied and is used for the remediation of the heavy metal-contaminated wastewater. Various techniques have been used for the remediation of contaminated wastewater, it is important to select the most effective method for remediation of metal-contaminated wastewater based on criteria of pH, initial metal concentration, the overall result after the treatment when compared with other technologies along with environmental impact and economics parameter including the capital investment and costs of operation. Finally, the technical applicability along with the simplicity of the plant and cost-effectiveness are major key factors that play an important role in the selection of the suitable treatment system for contaminated wastewater.

This review presents a comprehensive summary of the latest research in the field of bioremediation with filamentous fungi. The main focus is on the issue of recent progress in remediation of pharmaceutical compounds, heavy metal treatment and oil hydrocarbons mycoremediation that are usually insufficiently represented in other reviews. It encompasses a variety of cellular mechanisms involved in bioremediation used by filamentous fungi, including bio-adsorption, bio-surfactant production, bio-mineralization, bio-precipitation, as well as extracellular and intracellular enzymatic processes. Processes for wastewater treatment accomplished through physical, biological, and chemical processes are briefly described. The species diversity of filamentous fungi used in pollutant removal, including widely studied species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Verticillium, Phanerochaete and other species of Basidiomycota and Zygomycota are summarized. The removal efficiency of filamentous fungi and time of elimination of a wide variety of pollutant compounds and their easy handling make them excellent tools for the bioremediation of emerging contaminants. Various types of beneficial byproducts made by filamentous fungi, such as raw material for feed and food production, chitosan, ethanol, lignocellulolytic enzymes, organic acids, as well as nanoparticles, are discussed. Finally, challenges faced, future prospects, and how innovative technologies can be used to further exploit and enhance the abilities of fungi in wastewater remediation, are mentioned.

22 - Bioelectrochemical systems for the treatment of textile dye wastewaters

The adhesion of metal ions from wastewater to surface of a material in an adsorption process had proven to be effective for remediation of wastewater before discharge. There is a growing demand to utilize alternative low-cost adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from galvanic wastewater in most developing countries. Cow bones are cheap, readily available and can be sourced locally from slaughterhouses and abattoir. Therefore, their use as an alternative adsorbent for remediation of galvanic wastewater had to be assessed. In this study, the efficacy of cow bone char (CBC) was assessed for simultaneous heavy metal ions removal from real life galvanic wastewater in a competitive adsorption process. The galvanic wastewater was characterized using atomic adsorption spectrophotometry while the CBC was characterized using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Batch experiment was performed to determine the effect of adsorbent dose, contact time and agitation speed on the removal efficiency of heavy metal ions from the galvanized wastewater. The concentrations of Mn2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ and Cr2+ in the raw wastewater exceeded the WHO and EPA standards. The adsorbent revealed a significant distribution of well-developed porous, rough surfaces with cracks characterized by different functional groups for the efficient adsorption process. The optimum adsorbent dose for all the metal ions was 0.04 g/100 mL at an optimum contact time of 60 minutes except for Fe2+ with optimum contact time of 20 minutes, and agitation speed of 150 rpm. The maximum metal removal efficiencies obtained for Mn2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ and Cr2were 99.7%, 100%, 99%, 90% and 85% +, respectively. The average adsorption capacity for Mn2+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ and Cr2+were 0.44 mg/g, 26.7 mg/g, 78.5 mg/g, 0.133 mg/g for and 10.36 mg/g, respectively. CBC offers efficient and cost-effective removal of selected metal ions from galvanized wastewater.