Abstract
Electric vehicles use positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heaters and heat pumps to warm the vehicle cabin. High-capacity PTC heaters are needed because heat pump performance decreases sharply in the winter months due to low outdoor temperatures. The weight of PTC heaters is an important heater design factor for improving the single-charge travel distance of electric vehicles. A fin shape is necessary to improve the heater’s heat transfer performance in comparison to its weight. To develop a 6 kW class high-capacity PTC heater for electric vehicles, this study presents a numerical analysis of heat flow according to a modified louver fin’s geometric shape variables and evaluates heating performance. Based on the geometric shape of an initial plate-shaped fin prototype, a numerical analysis was performed on the width, position, height, and angle to develop a modified louver fin while considering heat transfer performance and ease of manufacturing. An improved prototype was built using the developed modified louver fin, and its heating performance under standard conditions was evaluated. The improved prototype had a heating performance of 6.05 kW, an efficiency of 98.0%, a pressure drop of 18.3 Pa, and a heating density of 3.81 kW/kg. Compared to the initial prototype, its heating performance and heating density were improved by approximately 15.7%.
Highlights
Unlike conventional combustion engine vehicles, electric vehicles do not produce sufficient waste heat to heat the vehicle cabin
The improvement in heat transfer performance caused by the modified louver shape was confirmed for all flow rate change conditions
Compared to the heating capacity of Heater A (5.23 kW), the heating electric vehicle was built based on the geometric design variables of the L10 model, and its capacity of Heater B improved by 15.7%
Summary
Unlike conventional combustion engine vehicles, electric vehicles do not produce sufficient waste heat to heat the vehicle cabin. As such, they use a combination of a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater and a heat pump as a heat source [1,2,3]. PTC heaters must have a lightweight design to improve the single-charge traveling distance of electric vehicles. They must use a radiation fin design that considers fragility and ease of manufacturing for mass production.
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