Heating Londinium : Dating Relief-patterned Box-flue Tiles and Other Wall Cavity Traditions in Roman London’s Baths and Heated Buildings

Identifying migrants in Roman London using lead and strontium stable isotopes

ABSTRACTThis paper offers a post-colonial analysis of past and present representations of the archaeological remains of Roman Britain and Roman London in the British Museum and Museum of London respectively. Since post-colonial criticism of Romano-British archaeology is highly relevant to such an analysis, a brief description is provided at the outset. Thereafter follows a series of six case studies — three for each museum. The first four focus on the history of the Romano-British collections at both museums and sometimes draw on post-colonial insights to explain the development of these collections and the ways in which they were exhibited. The last two case studies investigate how British post-colonial criticism of Roman archaeology has (or has not) impacted on the current displays of the Romano-British collections at both museums. Finally, some recommendations will be offered based on the outcomes of these two case studies. Recurring themes are the representation of: the Roman military; Roman imperialism; the (material) culture of Roman Britain and Roman London.

The aim of this study is to estimate the minimum prevalence of intestinal parasites in the population of Roman London through analysis of pelvic sediment from 29 third- to fourth-century burials from the 1989 excavations of the western cemetery at 24–30 West Smithfield, 18–20 Cock Lane and 1–4 Giltspur Street (WES89). Microscopy was used to identify roundworm eggs in 10.3 per cent of burials. We integrate these results with past palaeoparasitological work in the province of Britannia to explore disease, hygiene and diet. The most commonly found parasites (whipworm and roundworm) were spread by poor sanitation, but other species caught from animals were also present (fish tapeworm, beef/pork tapeworm and liver flukes). Parasite diversity was highest in urban sites. The health impacts of these infections range from asymptomatic to severe.

Over 800 clay coin moulds, excavated from 85 London Wall in 1988, had been used for casting copies of silver denarii and copper-alloy dupondii and asses which dated from Trajan to Trebonianus Gallus. The discovery of the moulds in the ditch ofLondinium's defensive wall led initially to thoughts that this was the concealment of incriminating evidence, but it is now recognised that counterfeiting coins was rife and perhaps even uncontrollable. The wide variety of moulds made it a complicated task to identify the numbers and types of coins used to make the moulds. This article describes the types of moulds found, examines how the moulds were produced, and discusses the prevalence of coin moulds at differing periods and on differing sites in Roman Britain and on the Continent.

Very few studies to date have presented contextualised interpretations of bioarchaeological evidence from Roman urban environments. This paper compares and contrasts the osteological data for childhood health from two urban centres, one at the centre and the other at the margins of the Roman Empire – Rome and London. We synthesise recently published and newly recorded data on childhood indicators of physiological stress (e.g. cribra orbitalia and enamel hypoplasias) from both sites. Contrary to expectations, we find that the prevalence of these stress indicators is comparable between sites. In order to contextualise these findings we compare the results to published data from other sites of the same period (from both rural and urban locales) within the respective countries. We find that the data from London is anomalous for Roman Britain, while that from Rome is similar to findings from contemporaneous Italian sites. We interpret these findings in terms of child-rearing practices, the local living environment and high levels of migration into Roman London from Mediterranean regions.

Roman London and Other Towns - G. Milne: Book of Roman London: Urban Archaeology in the Nation's Capital. Pp. 128, 92 ills. London: Batsford/English Heritage, 1995. Paper, £15.99. ISBN: 0-7134-6852-1. - J. Wacher: The Towns of Roman Britain. Pp. 480, 186 ills. London: B. T. Batsford, 1995 (2nd edn, 1st edn 1975). £47.50. ISBN: 0-7134-7319-3. - Volume 47 Issue 1

Acknowledgements ... ix List of Contributors ... xi Introduction ... xv Luke Lavan Bibliographic Essays 'Paganism' in Late Antiquity: Thematic Studies ... 3 Koen Demarsin 'Paganism' in Late Antiquity: Regional Studies and Material Culture ... 41 Michael Mulryan The Development of Paganism in Late Antiquity Eusebius of Caesarea and the Concept of Paganism ... 89 Peter Van Nuffelen Late Antique Paganism: Adaptation under Duress ... 111 Beatrice Caseau The 'End' of Roman Senatorial Paganism ... 135 David M. Gwynn Temples in the West Temples in Late Antique Gaul ... 165 Penelope J. Goodman Fana, Templa, Delubra Destrui Praecipimus: The End of the Temples in Roman Spain ... 195 Javier Arce The Temple of Flora or Venus by the Circus Maximus and the New Christian Topography: The 'Pagan Revival' in Action? ... 209 Michael Mulryan The Fate of the Temples in North Africa ... 229 Gareth Sears Temples in the East Late Paganism and Christianisation in Greece ... 263 Helen G. Saradi with the contribution of Demetrios Eliopoulos Late Paganism on the Aegean Islands and Processes of Christianisation ... 311 Georgios Deligiannakis The Fate of Temples in Late Antique Anatolia ... 347 Peter Talloen and Lies Vercauteren The Fate of the Temples in Late Antique Egypt ... 389 Jitse H. F. Dijkstra 'Pagan' Statues Political Talismans? Residual 'Pagan' Statues in Late Antique Public Space ... 439 Luke Lavan Religious Intolerance and Pagan Statuary ... 479 Beatrice Caseau Sacred Deposits Religious Rituals at Springs in the Late Antique and Early Medieval World ... 505 Eberhard W. Sauer Wells and Belief Systems at the End of Roman Britain: A Case Study from Roman London ... 551 James Gerrard Iconography in Material Culture From Pagan to Christian: Religious Iconography in Material Culture from Sagalassos ... 575 Peter Talloen Abstracts in French ... 609 Indices ... 617 Themes ... 617 Index of People, Historical and Biblical ... 629 Index of Places ... 636

Roman London held a special position in the Roman province of Britain. Planted on an excellent harbour and waterway, at the meeting point of the most important roads, it quickly grew into a flourishing town. Within fifteen years of the Claudian invasion it was renowned for its trade and thronged with merchants and merchandise. Before long it became the centre of the fiscal administration, and though it was not the capital of the province, and seems never to have even attained the rank of a municipality, it received in later times the title Augusta, and a mint was set up in it. Its surviving remains fully confirm its reputation. London is the one place in our island which has yielded Roman objects of artistic merit in real abundance. In general, the province of Britain, however thoroughly Romanised, appears to have contained little of wealth and luxury, and the finest products of Roman or Romano-provincial art, whether sculpture or glass or jewelry, were seldom seen in it. So far as they do occur, they are commonest in London.

This paper seeks to characterise through elemental analysis some unusual gold glass tesserae said to have been found at a Roman villa site in Southwick, West Sussex. The site is no longer accessible, being underneath a Methodist chapel, but it has been excavated, to some extent, on several occasions. Glass tesserae are not common in a British setting but they are by no means unusual in Roman mosaics. Gold glass tesserae, however, in which gold leaf is sandwiched between two layers of glass, are very unusual: fewer than twenty such tesserae are known from Roman Britain and the seven examples from Southwick make up the largest single group. However, the provenance of these Southwick tesserae remains doubtful and so they were analysed and compared to gold glass tesserae from Roman London to try and establish whether they are compositionally related to typical Roman glass. For comparative reasons, the handful of coloured glass tesserae from Southwick were also analysed. Our results suggest that the tesserae said to be from Southwick are anomalous in relation to the other material and cannot be assigned to the Roman period.

Going south of the river: A multidisciplinary analysis of ancestry, mobility and diet in a population from Roman Southwark, London

New Zealand delayed the introduction of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 into the community by the continued use of strict border controls through to January 2022. This allowed time for vaccination rates to increase and the roll out of third doses of the vaccine (boosters) to begin. It also meant more data on the characteristics of Omicron became available prior to the first cases of community transmission. Here we present a mathematical model of an Omicron epidemic, incorporating the effects of the booster roll out and waning of vaccine-induced immunity, and based on estimates of vaccine effectiveness and disease severity from international data. The model considers differing levels of immunity against infection, severe illness and death, and ignores waning of infection-induced immunity. This model was used to provide an assessment of the potential impact of an Omicron wave in the New Zealand population, which helped inform government preparedness and response. At the time the modelling was carried out, the date of introduction of Omicron into the New Zealand community was unknown. We therefore simulated outbreaks with different start dates, as well as investigating different levels of booster uptake. We found that an outbreak starting on 1 February or 1 March led to a lower health burden than an outbreak starting on 1 January because of increased booster coverage, particularly in older age groups. We also found that outbreaks starting later in the year led to worse health outcomes than an outbreak starting on 1 March. This is because waning immunity in older groups started to outweigh the increased protection from higher booster coverage in younger groups. For an outbreak starting on 1 February and with high booster uptake, the number of occupied hospital beds in the model peaked between 800 and 3,300 depending on assumed transmission rates. We conclude that combining an accelerated booster programme with public health measures to flatten the curve are key to avoid overwhelming the healthcare system.

Medication errors, including overdose and underdose, have a significant impact on patients and the medical economy. We need to prevent or avoid recurring medication errors. Therefore, we conducted a survey to identify medication and prescription background risk factors contributing to the administration of medication by nurses. This study surveyed cases of medication administration errors. This study was conducted at Higashinagoya National Hospital from April 1, 2018, to October 31, 2019. Patients’ backgrounds and medication and prescription background risk factors were investigated. Three control cases were randomly selected for each medication error case. We defined the group of medication error cases as the medication error group and the group of control cases as the no-medication-error group. A logistic regression analysis was performed for factors related to medication errors. A total of 202 patients were included in the medication error group. The median age and number of medications were 78 years and 7, respectively. A total of 606 cases were included in the no-medication-error group. The median age and number of medications were 77 years and 6, respectively. The factors that exhibited a relationship with the medication error group were the number of administrations per day, dosing frequency on indicated days, prescription and start dates were the same, medications from multiple prescriptions, and continuous use of a medication received prior to admission. This study identified existing medication and prescription background risk factors. Overlapping risk factors from these groups might contribute to medication administration errors. Therefore, reviewing these factors is necessary to avoid recurring medication administration errors.

BackgroundIn the rehabilitation ward, many elderly patients require continuous use of medication after a stroke or bone fracture, even after discharge. They are encouraged to self-manage their medications from the time of admission. Medication errors, such as a missed dose or incorrect administered medication can worsen conditions, resulting in recurrent strokes, fractures, or adverse effects. The study was aimed to identify risk factors, such as medication and prescription, contributing to errors in self-management of medication.MethodsThis study was conducted on patients who self-managed their medication in the rehabilitation ward of Higashinagoya National Hospital from April 2018 to March 2020. The patient background including age and sex were investigated. The medication factors examined include the number of medications and administrations per day, dosing frequency on indicated days, prescription and start date are the same, medications from multiple prescriptions, and one package or one tablet at each dosage. The group of medication error cases were defined as the medication error group and that of control cases as the no-medication error group. A logistic regression analysis was performed for factors related to medication errors.ResultsA total of 348 patients were included in the study, of which 154 patients made medication errors, with 374 total medication error cases. The median number of medications in the medication error group was six, and that in the no-medication error group was five. Statistically significant factors correlated with errors made during self-management of medication were the number of medications, number of administrations per day, dosing frequency on indicated days, and medication from multiple prescriptions.ConclusionsWhen a patient is self-managing their medications, errors are likely to occur due to a high number of medicines they are taking and the complexity of the dosage regimen. Therefore, to prevent medication errors, reviewing the prescribed medications and devise ways to simplify the dosage regimens is crucial.

This article presents new data on the start and end dates and the means of termination for armed conflicts, 1946—2005. These data contribute to quantitative research on conflict resolution and recurrence in three important respects: the data cover both interstate and intrastate armed conflicts, the data cover low-intensity conflicts, and the data provide information on a broad range of termination outcomes. In order to disaggregate the UCDP-PRIO Armed Conflict dataset into multiple analytical units, this dataset introduces the concept of conflict episodes, defined as years of continuous use of armed force in a conflict. Using these data, general trends and patterns are presented, showing that conflicts do not exclusively end with decisive outcomes such as victory or peace agreement but more often under unclear circumstances where fighting simply ceases. This pattern is consistent across different types of conflict, as is the finding that victories are more common in conflicts with short duration. The article then examines some factors that have been found to predict civil war recurrence and explores whether using the new dataset produces similar results. This exercise offers a number of interesting new insights and finds that the determinants for civil war recurrence identified in previous research are sensitive to alternate formulations of conflict termination data. The findings suggest that intrastate conflicts are less likely to recur after government victories or after the deployment of peacekeepers. If the previous conflict is fought with rebels aiming for total control over government or if the belligerents mobilized along ethnic lines, the risk of recurrence increases. The discrepancy in findings with previous research indicates the need for further study of conflict resolution and recurrence, for which this dataset will be useful.

Reporting standards for adverse events after medical device use in the peripheral vascular system