Abstract
The concept that heat stress (HS) causes a large accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is widely accepted. However, the intracellular compartmentation of ROS accumulation has been poorly characterized. We therefore used redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP2) to provide compartment-specific information on heat-induced redox changes of the nuclei and cytosol of Arabidopsis leaf epidermal and stomatal guard cells. We show that HS causes a large increase in the degree of oxidation of both compartments, causing large shifts in the glutathione redox potentials of the cells. Heat-induced increases in the levels of the marker transcripts, heat shock protein (HSP)101, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)2 were maximal after 15 min of the onset of the heat treatment. RNAseq analysis of the transcript profiles of the control and heat-treated seedlings revealed large changes in transcripts encoding HSPs, mitochondrial proteins, transcription factors, and other nuclear localized components. We conclude that HS causes extensive oxidation of the nucleus as well as the cytosol. We propose that the heat-induced changes in the nuclear redox state are central to both genetic and epigenetic control of plant responses to HS.
Highlights
IntroductionFuture increases in atmospheric CO2 levels and associated global warming are predicted to amplify the impact of Heat stress (HS) on crops such as wheat, rice, and maize that form the basis for human nutrition
Heat stress (HS) is a major threat to current and future agriculture
Control seedlings were treated in the same way but the water bath was maintained at 22◦C
Summary
Future increases in atmospheric CO2 levels and associated global warming are predicted to amplify the impact of HS on crops such as wheat, rice, and maize that form the basis for human nutrition. Climate change models predict that mean ambient temperatures will increase between 1.8 and 5.8◦C by the end of this century as well as the frequency of heat waves. Ensuing the sustainability yield of all major crops in the global warming era is a major challenge faced by plant scientists (Easterling and Apps, 2005). The activation of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) by Rubisco activase is heat sensitive (Portis, 2003; Sage et al, 2008; Perdomo et al, 2017), as are starch and sucrose synthesis (Sumesh et al, 2008).
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