Abstract
Heat-activated persulfate to produce highly reactive sulfate radicals (SO4⋅-) to oxidize sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in water was studied. The SMX degradation rate was significantly influenced by the reaction temperature, persulfate dose, initial pH, and co-existing anions. Higher temperature achieved higher degradation rate. The calculated activation energy for hot persulfate oxidation of SMX was approximately 130.93 kJ/mol. The degradation rate constant was proportional to the persulfate dose. An alkaline condition favored the SMX degradation. Effects of anions on the SMX degradation were species-dependent. Cl−, SO42-, and NO3- inhibited the SMX degradation, to different degrees. In contrast, HCO3- accelerated the treatment. The SMX decomposition was associated with hydroxylation, sulfonamide bond breakage, and oxidation of the amine groups. Toxicity tests revealed production of more toxic products. Therefore, appropriate post-treatments need to be considered to address the undesirable byproducts.
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