HEALTHCARE TACTICS AND OPERATIONAL MEDICINE OF THE ROMANIAN ARMY IN THE PAST AND PRESENT

The article summarizes the review and analytical work regarding the features of the formation and development of logistics support for the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Logistics is considered as a fundamental aspect of the fulfillment of the mission of the armed forces of our state in a crisis situation and peacetime. The development of Russian aggression in the east of Ukraine objectively led to an understanding of the immediate transition from the use of the crisis logistics model to the involvement of elements of the military logistics model, which is capable of functioning both in peacetime and during military operations. With the outbreak of war in the East, all-round supply was provided from the center to military units that were in positions and performed combat operations. In fact, in the first months of the announcement of the anti-terroristical operation in Ukraine and before the entry of Russian troops into the territory of our country, the leading structures only superficially (unsystematically) tried to restructure the logistics of crisis situations into a nationwide one. Ukraine seeks to maintain friendly relations with all countries of the world on the basis of international treaties concluded on the principles of equality, non-interference in internal affairs, respect for independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity. But for now, the armed conflict continues in Ukraine, which became the most European conflict after the end of World War II, in which Ukraine follows the defensive strategy. And this should become the basis for the formation of the logistic concept of the state armed forces. A conceptual analysis of the evolutionary development of military logistics showed that in the process of historical development of scientific approaches to waging war, intensive scientific and technological progress, military logistics changed and reformed, new logistics systems, innovative methods, models and tools for managing logistic support for troops. This process should continue on a scientific basis, taking into account the best world and own experience. In crisis situations, the population is primarily affected. Therefore, the wide-profile tasks of rescuing and assisting the civilian population (the victim, who is evacuated and remains in the territory with the affected infrastructure) in the crisis zone laid on military logistics. The formation and development of the logistic system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine should be carried out taking into account the peaceful, partnership policy of our state and NATO countries. As for the evolutionary development of the logistics support for the Ukrainian AF, military logistics should be developed on a scientific basis, taking into account the international experience of NATO countries and our own experience, and in crisis situations, military logistics should be entrusted with broad-profile tasks of helping civilians in the crisis zone, and its further development should be conducted in a comprehensively. Today, our country is creating a single effective logistics system for the Armed Forces of Ukraine, other military units and law enforcement agencies, both in peacetime and in wartime, which should operate in accordance with NATO standards and be able to cooperate with the armed forces of other states - members of NATO and the European Union. Therefore, the issue of military logistics, as one of the most important and basic components of military operations, is relevant and requires careful study. Keywords: logistics, features, military logistics, crisis situations logistics, the country's defense and security system, the Armed Forces of Ukraine, materials, material supply, material resources, international relations, reserves, supply.

The rapid development of technologies and intensifying military operations have caused several challenges for online trade, in particular, in terms of payment risks. In this context, management accounting as a key means of monitoring and controlling these risks is assigned a special role. The aim of the article is to identify the key peculiarities of the influence of management accounting on the payment risks of online trade in the area of fraudulent operations during active military operations. The study employed a number of economic and statistical method: an in-depth semi-structured interview using the author’s questionnaire, as well as an economic analysis of losses from fraud according to the methodical approaches of auditing KPMG and Crowe. The practice of identifying fast recurring transactions (78% of respondents) when working with payment risks was distinguished as a result of the research by interviewing respondents from a sample of management accounting specialists. The importance of estimating losses from fraudulent transactions (78% of respondents) in the management accounting system of payment risks is emphasized. Analysis of the results of interviewing respondents showed a positive effect of the systematic application of management accounting tools on reducing the risks of fraud in online trade. Thanks to adequate management accounting, the fraud losses is reduced by an average of 12% compared to the 2022 average industry loss rate. The obtained results revealed the key role of management accounting in overcoming the negative consequences of payment risks, namely in reducing losses from fraudulent transactions. These results can be applied to improve the financial and operational management of online trade in wartime and other crisis situations. Prospects for further research are in-depth analysis of artificial intelligence tools and machine learning in identifying payment risks of online trade.

: With the ever increasing range of weaponry and speed of movement on the battlefield, as well as the Army's increased participation in military operations other than war, the Signal Corps units organic to corps and below are not adequate to support the war fighter without the aid of specialized units, specifically designed to fill theater or strategic requirements. Since World War II, these units have grown in size and complexity. This has as much to do with the development of new technology, as it does with the ever increasing size of a given unit's area of operations. The purpose of this paper is to trace the organization of the Signal Corps units, both organic and specialized and how they supported the war fighter.

Historically, disease and nonbattle injuries (DNBI) have caused more casualties during military operations than enemy combatants. Recent deployments to U.S. Central Commands (USCENTCOM) area of operation (AOR) have demonstrated similar outcomes. Intuitively, appropriate medical standards for our deploying Soldiers should result in no greater redeployments rates for those Soldiers who are waived for various medical conditions. However, no formal study has been published on redeployment rates of Soldiers with medical deployment waivers. The objective of this report was to evaluate the redeployment rates of Soldiers with and without medical waivers. A matched retrospective cohort study design was used in this study. Data were obtained from USCENTCOM, Army Central Command, Transportation Command, and the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. All U.S. Soldiers deploying to USCENTCOM's AOR with a medical deployment waiver during the calendar years of 2008-2013 were eligible for inclusion into the exposure group of this study. Soldiers with a medical deployment waiver were matched 1:5 to Soldiers without a medical deployment waiver. The Soldiers with a medical deployment waiver and their matched counterparts were then subdivided into 5 strata on the basis of their diagnosis. A McNemar's χ2 test was performed to calculate risk ratios (RRs) per strata and for the group as a whole. The overall risk of being medically evacuated because of DNBI for all medical deployment waivers was an RR of 2.03 (CI: 1.74, 2.36). The greatest risk of being medically evacuated because of DNBI was from the group of Soldiers on a waiver for neurological conditions with an RR of 3.81 (CI: 1.99, 7.30). The RR of medical evacuation because of DNBI was increased and statistically significant for all strata (p < 0.05). There is a statistically significant increased RR of Soldiers with a Modification of the Operational Order waiver being medically redeployed for a DNBI reason from USCENTCOM's AOR from 2008 to 2013 compared with their matched peers without a waiver. The results of this study provide Commanders with additional information when making decisions regarding Soldier deployment.

The purpose of the study is to prepare requirements for converted railway covered wagons for the transportation of guard personnel as part of military transports with dangerous goods (ammunition) for a special period and during military operations. Methodology. The method of obtaining data on the design, technical characteristics of covered wagons in the wagon depot of the Nizhnyodneprovsk-Vuzol station, the practical experience of officers of the military communications service of the Logistics Forces Command of the Armed Forces of Ukraine was used. Results. Problematic issues during the unloading of military echelons and transports in modern conditions were highlighted. Comprehensive measures were identified aimed at optimizing time indicators and time spent on unloading operations. An analysis and justification of proposals for the conversion of a railway covered wagon for the transportation of guard personnel during the protection and escort of military transports with ammunition in areas of operations (combat) operations were carried out. Based on the analysis, proposals are made for organized unloading of trains. The practical significance lies in reducing the unmasking signs of the transportation of dangerous goods (munitions) by rail during the enemy's aerial reconnaissance in the areas of operations (combat operations), primarily through the use of a converted covered wagon for the transportation of guard personnel instead of a converted service and technical wagon.

Urban areas, depending on their characteristics, have different effects on the engagement of forces and equipment and the manner in which military operations are conducted. The characteristics of these areas that are important for conducting operations are position, location, shape, size, the method of construction, the layout of the street network, the existence of underground facilities, plants, etc. Their complexity is one of the greatest challenges for planners of these operations. To conduct operations in urban areas, forces are expected to be modular and thus flexible, and adaptable to a constantly changing environment. It is necessary to focus on smaller units that are in the field, up to company level. Their most important feature is to disperse fast, and then quickly concentrate towards target. The discussion between scientific and military circles is whether to establish special forces to fight in an urban area or to use the existing ones with certain technological solutions and futuristic weapons. The consideration of the type of weapons that will be used in these military operations in urban areas is primarily related to the issue of the protection of civilians. The use of weapons that have limited effect (do not break through several walls) and weapons that do not cause additional effects (such as fire, unnecessary destruction) should be the choice of modern armies in military operations in urban areas. The issue of command and control is also one of the challenges that modern armed forces conducting military operations in urban areas face. In this context, modern technology (robots, sensors, satellites, etc.) can be of great help to the forces conducting these military operations. On the other hand, they are very expensive for most armies in the world. The logistical challenges are also very great when it comes to military operations in urban areas. The increased use of food and water, as well as greater consumption of ammunition pose additional challenges for planners and logisticians of these operations, which, above all, have to be taken into account when planning these operations. In any case, the issue of future military operations in urban areas should not be a taboo subject because it is expected that there will be more and more of them in the future. Population movement has made suburbs huge and a major challenge for military forces, even greater than urban centres. Distinguishing combatants from non-combatants, providing basic necessities for civilians during operations, the use of conventional and unconventional combat equipment are some of the challenges that planners of operations in urban areas have also to consider. The detailed analyses of previous operations in urban areas, transformation of these identified lessons into lessons learned, adaptation of training and equipment for such operations are some of the first steps that should be taken. Special emphasis should be placed on the need to study more the topic of combat in urban areas in operations of battalions and brigades and to be as much as possible an integral part of the training process of these units.

HintergrundDie SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19-Pandemie erfordert eine schnelle Umstrukturierung der Abläufe in den Krankenhäusern. Die Einrichtung von COVID-Schwerpunktversorgungszentren erfordert auch für die chirurgische Fachrichtung eine Vorbereitung auf die anfallenden Notfalleingriffe bei infizierten Patienten oder Patienten mit unklarem Infektionsstatus. Hier erfolgt eine Zusammenfassung der Evidenz zu Standards bei der persönlichen Schutzausrüstung (PSA) für die Mitarbeitenden in den zentralen Notaufnahmen und im Operationsbereich sowie Umstrukturierungsmaßnahmen für die Abläufe im Operationsbereich in einem COVID-plus-Bereich.MethodenSystematische Literaturrecherche.ErgebnisseDie Dunkelziffer an unerkannten Infizierten und potenziellen Überträgern von SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 ist hoch. Patienten mit unklarem Infektionsstatus oder dringendem Verdacht auf eine Infektion sollten bis zum Beweis des Gegenteils als infektiös eingestuft werden. Dem Infektionsschutz von Mitarbeitenden in den Gesundheitsberufen kommt eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Die Ausstattung mit adäquater PSA in einer risikostratifizierten Form kann den Erfolg zur Bekämpfung der Pandemie wesentlich beeinflussen. Die meisten Operationen sind als aerosolbildende Prozeduren einzuschätzen und erfordern einen maximalen Schutz der direkt am Patienten arbeitenden Mitarbeitenden. Auf zwingend einzuhaltende hygienische Vorgaben zum Kontaminationsschutz ist bei den Umstrukturierungen im Operationsbereich und auf den Transportwegen zwischen den Stationen besonderes Augenmerk zu legen.SchlussfolgerungDie richtige PSA unter Berücksichtigung des Arbeitsschutzes hilft, Mitarbeitende nachhaltig vor Infektionen zu schützen. Umstrukturierungsmaßnahmen im OP sind bei potenziell aerosolbildenden Prozeduren bei Infizierten oder Patienten mit unklarem Infektionsstatus dringend indiziert. Die aktuelle dynamische Situation erfordert ein hohes Maß an Flexibilität, Neubewertung und Anpassung der Maßnahmen in kurzen Intervallen.

When deploying off-road vehicles in military and rescue operations, it is necessary to analyse the characteristics of the terrain, its segmentation and obstacles, that can significantly eliminate the movement of this technique. The mobility of off-road vehicles depends on many factors such as terrain relief, soil, vegetation, water, road network, settlement unit structure, meteorological conditions, etc. The goal of this paper is to identify the critical micro-relief forms in the selected test area, which can be important for the transportation analyses and cartographic visualization, especially for the military and rescue operations management during the crisis situations and natural disasters such as floods, fires, storms, military operations, etc. Both of the relief parameters and technical vehicles parameters were considered for the cross-country movement analysis to predict the GO, SLOW GO and NO GO areas as a part of crisis management support.

This paper deals with an operational assistance system of a rough terrain crane. The rough terrain crane is one of the frequent used machines in construction sites. We forcus on the straight-line transfer operation of the crane. It is difficult operation because an operator must use two or three levers at once. Thus we propose the operational assistance for the straight-line transfer operation. A control rule for the straigh-line transfer is proposed. Some kinds of operational assistance information are provided based on the rule. We present some experiments on a crane simulator, and show the effectiveness of the proposed operational assistance system.

Мета. Наукове обґрунтування шляхів удосконалення стоматологічної допомоги військовослужбовцям ЗС України через досягнення сумісності медико-технологічних документів надання стоматологічної допомоги із стандартами НАТО. Методи дослідження. Методологія дослідження базувалася на системному підході. Для вирішення поставлених завдань застосовувались наступні методи досліджень: системного аналізу (системно-історичний; системно-структурний; системно-елементний; системно-комунікативний) і методи статистичного аналізу. Результати. У ході дослідження проаналізовані показники роботи стоматологічної служби ЗС України під час виконання миротворчих місій (Ліберія, Конго) та в умовах ведення АТО/ООС. Досліджені стандарти НАТО з організації стоматологічної допомоги в умовах ведення збройного конфлікту та визначені можливі напрямки удосконалення стоматологічної допомоги військовослужбовцям ЗС України шляхом адаптування вітчизняних стандартів до стандартів НАТО. Матеріали дослідження знайшли своє відображення у розробленому колективом стоматологічної служби ЗС України “Збірнику локальних клінічних протоколів надання стоматологічної допомоги військовослужбовцям з основними хворобами органів порожнини рота в зоні проведення бойових дій” (2017 р.), які на сьогодні використовуються лікарями-стоматологами ЗС України в практичній діяльності. Висновки. Проведене дослідження дозволяє стверджувати, що наявна організаційно-штатна структура стоматологічної служби ЗС України дозволяє в повному обсязі застосувати стандарти НАТО та адаптувати алгоритми і протоколи надання медичної допомоги військовослужбовцям ЗС України при пораненнях в ЩЛД в умовах ведення збройного конфлікту

Introduction. The research method is: to analyze the role and significance of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of military personnel in the process of transforming the Armed Forces of Ukraine in accordance with NATO standards, programming key areas of development of military hygiene as a factor in increasing the combat capability of the army and its integration into the Euro-Atlantic security space. Materials and Methods. This study employs systemic, comparative, and logical-legal methods to analyze national and international public health regulations. Review and discussion. Ukraine’s Armed Forces must quickly adopt NATO hygiene standards to maintain combat readiness during war. Key areas include sanitary monitoring, infection control, nutrition, living conditions, and psychological support. These measures will enhance combat capability and align with Euro-Atlantic standards. Conclusions. Ukraine’s Armed Forces are being modernized following NATO standards, including advanced technologies and logistics. Effective hygiene monitoring, prevention, and rapid response systems are essential to protect personnel and boost combat readiness. Hygiene policies must also focus on service conditions, nutrition, and mental health, all critical for combat effectiveness and Euro-Atlantic integration. Keywords: Armed Forces of Ukraine, army transformation, military hygiene, Euro-Atlantic integration, NATO standards.

During the formation of the North Wilmington Unit, it was recognized that production response from adjoining improved recovery units indicated that an accelerated program would be necessary to assure the equitable distribution of oil reserves in the unit area. The North Wilmington Unit operators charged Sun Production Co. with development and implementation of Production Co. with development and implementation of am accelerated development program. This approach resulted in unitization, plan of development, plan of operations, design of equipment, acquisition of equipment, procurement of right-of-ways, construction of surface facilities, and development drilling being completed within a 4-year period. The time frame of this paper covers the development of this waterflood project from beginning of operations by Son Production Co. of properties acquired from Signal Oil and Gas in Jan. 1973 through the completion of the development drilling program in Dec. 1976. Many difficulties were encountered and this paper describes how these problems were solved through the application of sound engineering, good planning, teamwork, and creative problem solving. The experience gained in this unitization work can be applied to any similar project in a metropolitan area with problems of equipment project in a metropolitan area with problems of equipment design, right-of-way problems, and drilling activities. The principles used in developing this unit are somewhat unique because the area of operation is highly congested with people, roads, junk yards, refineries, and houses. INTRODUCTION (SEE FIG. 1) The North Wilmington Unit contains the last major section of the Wilmington field to be unitized for secondary recovery. Production of reservoir fluids from the Wilmington field resulted in surface subsidence. The California Subsidence Act of 1958 provided for unitizing and development of provided for unitizing and development of waterflooding to inhibit subsidence. Nine units have been formed under the subsidence act since 1958, including the North Wilmington Unit. This project is located in Los Angeles County, primarily in the Wilmington district of the City of primarily in the Wilmington district of the City of Los Angeles, with a portion in the City of Long Beach. The 1,000-plus-acre unit covers an area with town-lot spacing that includes homes, small businesses, small manufacturers, and a major refinery. The unit area is also crossed by various highways, railroad tracks, and a flood-control channel. Discovery of the Wilmington field occurred in 1936 with development of the project area occurring in the 1940's. One Hundred and twenty-six wells drilled on 5- to 7-acre spacing remained in the unit area in Jan. 1973, with only 11 wells plugged and abandoned. Because of the multiplicity of small leases, 63 tank batteries were in operation with most serving one to three well leases. Attempts at unitization of the area for waterflooding began in 1966. Sufficient agreement was never reached among the many operators and royalty owners to establish a workable project. Acquisition of the remaining interest by Sun Production Co. in properties operated by other companies in the area properties operated by other companies in the area provided the incentive for Sun to purchase additional provided the incentive for Sun to purchase additional properties in the last quarter of 1972. properties in the last quarter of 1972.A preliminary study of the secondary recovery potential resulted in several conclusions. All other potential resulted in several conclusions. All other waterflood units in the Wilmington field are very successful. Oil migration, caused by long-term injection in offsetting waterfloods and accelerated by boundary line injection since 1971, necessitated prompt unitization and development. prompt unitization and development. An operators meeting was held to review the preliminary report and to solicit approval to proceed. preliminary report and to solicit approval to proceed. All operators agreed that engineering and geological committees should be formed to develop an accelerated secondary recovery program. The committees completed the Technical Committee Report in Aug. 1973. It was submitted to the operators and approved in the last quarter of 1973.

Augmented Workforce: contextual, cross-hierarchical enquiries on human-technology integration in industry

The increasing number of the servicemen with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a result of the war raises the problem of providing them with psychological assistance among the top priorities at the national level. The aim of the study is to identify the effectiveness of using NATO standards in the system of psychological assistance to the servicemen with PTSD. Methods: The study employed the Mississippi Scale, Impact of Event Scale (IES-R), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The statistics were processed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, Student’s t-test for independent samples. Results: The study showed that 20.28% of the servicemen had a high level of PTSD. They have pronounced symptoms of intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal, high anxiety, and depression. It was established that the use of NATO standards of psychological assistance to the servicemen with PTSD is reliably effective in reducing symptoms of intrusion (t=2.53, p≤0.01), avoidance (t=3.22, p≤0.01), excitability (t =4.18, p≤0.01), anxiety (t=4.56, p≤0.01), and depression (t=3.87, p≤0.01).Conclusions. The problem of the occurrence of PTSD and symptoms of the disorder among the servicemen participating in military operations was confirmed. It was proved that the use of NATO standards in the training and psychological assistance to service men is effective in reducing the PTSD level and its symptoms. Prospects: The obtained results are significant for military psychologists who work directly with the servicemen in warfare and can use the obtained data for early intervention to prevent the occurrence of PTSD.

The article substantiates the methods of survival of the personnel of the logistical units of the military units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU) in extreme conditions. The study was conducted in relation to military specialists of the logistics services in the areas of food and clothing support, as well as fuel and lubricants supply in various types of military and other operations. The experience of the participation of servicemen of the rear units in the anti-terrorist operation (ATO), the joint task forces operation (JFO) indicates that the successful completion of tasks related to material and technical support depends not only on their professional and moral-psychological readiness, but also on the extreme training of the personnel of the units the logistics of military units, that is, their readiness, reliability and ability to carry out tasks at any time and in any conditions under the influence of physical and psychological stress. Performance of tasks for the personnel of the units of the logistics of the military units of the Armed Forces, both in areas with a difficult socio-political situation and in permanent deployment centers, is always associated with testing the physical and mental capabilities of a person. The military has to face significant difficulties and obstacles, both external and internal in nature. This tension of military activity causes physical, mental, informational and other overloads of personnel and often leads to the emergence of negative mental states. The problem of the survival of servicemen of the logistical units of the military units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in extreme conditions is very relevant today. The psychological training of the personnel of the Armed Forces in special conditions is historically determined and scientifically substantiated methods of psychological training of servicemen of the logistical units, the process of education, formation and activation of sustainable motives and psychological qualities of a modern soldier, necessary for the successful performance of official tasks, professional activities both in peace and in wartime. Studies on the justification of the methods of survival and actions of servicemen of the rear units (logistics) of the military units of the Armed Forces in extreme conditions can be used in the future when developing programs for training personnel of the logistical units for operations in critical and crisis situations. Keywords: material, technical, support, method, survival, personnel, rear units, logistical equipment, military unit, extreme conditions, military operations.