Health Education Effects on Glycated Hemoglobin Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Pilot Study

Background: Anthropometric and physiologic properties have influence on exercise performance in sepak takraw and physiological profiles of athletes differ between sports and playing positions. Objectives: Present study was aimed to determine the effect of playing position on anthropometric, body composition and physical fitness parameters in young male sepak takraw players. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted on three positional groups of total 44 male Indian sepak takraw players (spiker/killer, n = 14; tekong, n = 14; and feeder, n = 16) of national level. Anthropometric parameters, body composition profile, physical fitness variables including 30m flying, 6X10m shuttle run, vertical jump, sit up, endurance and anaerobic power were assessed by following standard protocols. Results: Significant differences were observed in height, weight and leg length among the positional groups. Almost all body composition parameters were significantly (P < 0.01) higher among ‘tekong’ position except fat mass. Handgrip strength, back strength, vertical jump, sit up, VO2max, explosive leg power and maximum anaerobic power were found to be significantly differed among the three positional groups of sepak takraw. Regression prediction model identified back strength (P = 0.034), peak explosive power (P < 0.001) and leg length (P < 0.001) as the significant predictor of vertical jump (R2 = 0.930 and P < 0.001). Conclusions: Players of ‘tekong’ position were better in anthropometric and body composition profiles than ‘spiker and feeder’. Whereas, ‘spiker’ position was found to have higher back strength, explosive power, vertical jump and sit up abilities. Regression model identifies back strength, peak explosive power and leg length as the significant predictors of performance in sepak takraw.

Background: Anthropometric and physiologic properties have influence on exercise performance in sepak takraw and physiological profiles of athletes differ between sports and playing positions. Objectives: Present study was aimed to determine the effect of playing position on anthropometric, body composition and physical fitness parameters in young male sepak takraw players. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted on three positional groups of total 44 male Indian sepak takraw players (spiker/killer, n = 14; tekong, n = 14; and feeder, n = 16) of national level. Anthropometric parameters, body composition profile, physical fitness variables including 30m flying, 6X10m shuttle run, vertical jump, sit up, endurance and anaerobic power were assessed by following standard protocols. Results: Significant differences were observed in height, weight and leg length among the positional groups. Almost all body composition parameters were significantly (P < 0.01) higher among ‘tekong’ position except fat mass. Handgrip strength, back strength, vertical jump, sit up, VO2max, explosive leg power and maximum anaerobic power were found to be significantly differed among the three positional groups of sepak takraw. Regression prediction model identified back strength (P = 0.034), peak explosive power (P < 0.001) and leg length (P < 0.001) as the significant predictor of vertical jump (R2 = 0.930 and P < 0.001). Conclusions: Players of ‘tekong’ position were better in anthropometric and body composition profiles than ‘spiker and feeder’. Whereas, ‘spiker’ position was found to have higher back strength, explosive power, vertical jump and sit up abilities. Regression model identifies back strength, peak explosive power and leg length as the significant predictors of performance in sepak takraw.

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic condition characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia, causing raised blood glucose levels which result in microvascular and macrovascular disorders and may introduce ocular manifestations including changes in corneal Endothelial Cell Density (ECD), corneal thickness, and intraocular pressure. It is clinically important to analyse the corneal endothelial status in patients with type II DM as preoperative corneal endothelial cell dysfunction may cause more corneal endothelial cell damage postoperatively leading to corneal decompensation. With the advent of precise and better measurement tool Central Corneal Thickness (CCT) and corneal endothelial morphology measurement has become more accurate. Aim: To compare corneal endothelium cell density, polymorphism, polymegathism and CCT in type 2 DM with age-matched, non diabetic control subjects using CEM-530 Specular microscope and ultrasonic pachymeter Tomey SP-100. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted at Eye Department at ESI Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Basaidarapur, Delhi, India, from October 2018 to November 2019. Patients with ages between 40 to 70 years of either gender who were diagnosed to have DM were recruited in the study through non probability convenience sampling. A total of 150 subjects that met the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Seventy five known type 2 DM patients were enrolled in diabetic group (case group) and 75 non diabetic, age-matched subjects were enrolled as control group. Cases were classified under three major groups, namely on the basis of duration of DM and severity of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) and glycaemic control {glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level}. All the findings were endorsed on a predesigned performa. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 was used for analysis of data. Age and corneal parameters compared using unpaired t-test in diabetic and control group. Also, for comparison in between subgroup of diabetic patients on HbA1c level done by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test. Chi-square test applied for categorical variables. Results: Among the 150 patients evaluated, type 2 DM patient’s corneas (540.51±32.578 µ) were thicker as compared to control group 517.51±22.155 µ (p-value&lt;0.001). The mean ECD of control and diabetic group patients was 2723.75±287.253 cells/mm2 and 2716.11±296.081 cells/mm2 , respectively, found insignificant (p-value=0.821). The mean Coefficient of Variation (CV) of cell area of control and diabetic patients was 28.87±3.950 and 29.85±4.027, respectively, and was significant (p-value=0.034). The mean percentage of endothelial Hexagonal cells (HEX%) of control and diabetic patients were 67.39±6.419 and 67.41±5.493, respectively and was non significant (p-value=0.985). Thus, statistically significant difference was found with CCT (p-value&lt;0.001) and CV (p-value=0.034) but not with ECD and hexagonality, between control and diabetic eyes. There was a correlation between CCT, CV, HEX% and ECD with duration of DM2 but it was statistically insignificant. There were higher CCT, CV and HEX% and lower ECD in &gt;10 years of duration of diabetes mellitus than in patients with duration of diabetes mellitus ≤10 years. There was a correlation of CCT, CV, ECD and HEX with HbA1c level. There were significant higher CCT and CV values in &gt;7% HbA1c level group than in group with ≤7% HbA1c level. There was also increased ECD in &gt;7% group, but it was found to be insignificant. Percentage of hexagonality in &gt;7% HbA1c level group was lower than in group with ≤7% HbA1c level, but found insignificant. There were higher values of CCT and CV in Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR) subgroup compared to Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) and no Diabetic Retinopathy group. CCT values were significant (p-value=0.007), so as CV values (p-value=0.001). There was increase in HEX% (p-value=0.005) which was significant, along with lower ECD in NPDR (p-value=0.143), group which was insignificant. Conclusion: The present study documented that DM has considerable effects on all the layers of the cornea especially endothelial layer, causes reduction of ECD and increased CV. Diabetic cornea has increased CCT and lower percentage of hexagonal cells than normal subjects. In addition, there is a correlation between the changes in corneal parameters like ECD, CV, HEX%, CCT with the duration of DM and severity of DR and glycaemic control {glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level}.

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic condition characterised by chronic hyperglycaemia, causing raised blood glucose levels which result in microvascular and macrovascular disorders and may introduce ocular manifestations including changes in corneal Endothelial Cell Density (ECD), corneal thickness, and intraocular pressure. It is clinically important to analyse the corneal endothelial status in patients with type II DM as preoperative corneal endothelial cell dysfunction may cause more corneal endothelial cell damage postoperatively leading to corneal decompensation. With the advent of precise and better measurement tool Central Corneal Thickness (CCT) and corneal endothelial morphology measurement has become more accurate. Aim: To compare corneal endothelium cell density, polymorphism, polymegathism and CCT in type 2 DM with age-matched, non diabetic control subjects using CEM-530 Specular microscope and ultrasonic pachymeter Tomey SP-100. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted at Eye Department at ESI Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Basaidarapur, Delhi, India, from October 2018 to November 2019. Patients with ages between 40 to 70 years of either gender who were diagnosed to have DM were recruited in the study through non probability convenience sampling. A total of 150 subjects that met the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Seventy five known type 2 DM patients were enrolled in diabetic group (case group) and 75 non diabetic, age-matched subjects were enrolled as control group. Cases were classified under three major groups, namely on the basis of duration of DM and severity of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) and glycaemic control {glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level}. All the findings were endorsed on a predesigned performa. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 was used for analysis of data. Age and corneal parameters compared using unpaired t-test in diabetic and control group. Also, for comparison in between subgroup of diabetic patients on HbA1c level done by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test. Chi-square test applied for categorical variables. Results: Among the 150 patients evaluated, type 2 DM patient’s corneas (540.51±32.578 µ) were thicker as compared to control group 517.51±22.155 µ (p-value&lt;0.001). The mean ECD of control and diabetic group patients was 2723.75±287.253 cells/mm2 and 2716.11±296.081 cells/mm2 , respectively, found insignificant (p-value=0.821). The mean Coefficient of Variation (CV) of cell area of control and diabetic patients was 28.87±3.950 and 29.85±4.027, respectively, and was significant (p-value=0.034). The mean percentage of endothelial Hexagonal cells (HEX%) of control and diabetic patients were 67.39±6.419 and 67.41±5.493, respectively and was non significant (p-value=0.985). Thus, statistically significant difference was found with CCT (p-value&lt;0.001) and CV (p-value=0.034) but not with ECD and hexagonality, between control and diabetic eyes. There was a correlation between CCT, CV, HEX% and ECD with duration of DM2 but it was statistically insignificant. There were higher CCT, CV and HEX% and lower ECD in &gt;10 years of duration of diabetes mellitus than in patients with duration of diabetes mellitus ≤10 years. There was a correlation of CCT, CV, ECD and HEX with HbA1c level. There were significant higher CCT and CV values in &gt;7% HbA1c level group than in group with ≤7% HbA1c level. There was also increased ECD in &gt;7% group, but it was found to be insignificant. Percentage of hexagonality in &gt;7% HbA1c level group was lower than in group with ≤7% HbA1c level, but found insignificant. There were higher values of CCT and CV in Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR) subgroup compared to Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) and no Diabetic Retinopathy group. CCT values were significant (p-value=0.007), so as CV values (p-value=0.001). There was increase in HEX% (p-value=0.005) which was significant, along with lower ECD in NPDR (p-value=0.143), group which was insignificant. Conclusion: The present study documented that DM has considerable effects on all the layers of the cornea especially endothelial layer, causes reduction of ECD and increased CV. Diabetic cornea has increased CCT and lower percentage of hexagonal cells than normal subjects. In addition, there is a correlation between the changes in corneal parameters like ECD, CV, HEX%, CCT with the duration of DM and severity of DR and glycaemic control {glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level}.

Muraglitazar, a dual (α/γ) PPAR activator: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 24-week monotherapy trial in adult patients with type 2 diabetes

Studies investigating the association between glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level and mortality risk in diabetic patients receiving hemodialysis have shown conflicting results. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Diabetic patients on maintenance hemodialysis therapy. Observational studies or randomized controlled trials investigating the association between HbA1c values and mortality risk. Study authors were asked to provide anonymized individual patient data or reanalyze results according to a standard template. Single measurement or mean HbA1c values. Mean HbA1c values were calculated using all individual-patient HbA1c values during the follow-up period of contributing studies. HR for mortality risk. 10 studies (83,684 participants) were included: 9 observational studies and one secondary analysis of a randomized trial. After adjustment for confounders, patients with baseline HbA1c levels ≥ 8.5% (≥ 69 mmol/mol) had increased mortality (7 studies; HR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.09-1.19) compared with patients with HbA1c levels of 6.5%-7.4% (48-57mmol/mol). Likewise, patients with a mean HbA1c value ≥ 8.5% also had a higher adjusted risk of mortality (6 studies; HR,1.29; 95% CI, 1.23-1.35). There was a small but nonsignificant increase in mortality associated with mean HbA1c levels ≤ 5.4% (≤ 36 mmol/mol; 6 studies; HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.89-1.34). Sensitivity analyses in incident (≤ 90 days of hemodialysis) and prevalent patients (>90 days of hemodialysis) showed a similar pattern. In incident patients, mean HbA1c levels ≤ 5.4% also were associated with increased mortality risk (4 studies; HR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.23-1.35). Observational study data and inability to adjust for diabetes type in all studies. Despite concerns about the utility of HbA1c measurement in hemodialysis patients, high levels (≥ 8.5%) are associated with increased mortality risk. Very low HbA1c levels (≤ 5.4%) also may be associated with increased mortality risk.

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationships between adiponectin and leptin with blood lipids (CHOL, HDL-C, LDL-C, and TG) in physically active postmenopausal women. One hundred and thirty-four physically active practicing gymnastics (2-3 times per week) women between the ages of 51 to 85 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Body height, body mass, waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR), and BMI were used as anthropometrical parameters. Body composition parameters (fat%, fat mass, fat free mass) were measured by DXA. The fasting adiponectin, leptin, CHOL, HDL-C, LDL-C, and TG were measured. From the anthropometrical and body composition parameters, only WHR correlated significantly with adiponectin (r = -0.306). In addition, adiponectin correlated with TG (r = -0.277) and leptin (r = -0.381). Leptin was positively related to body mass (r = 0.261), and BMI (r = 0.274) from anthropometrical parameters and body fat% (r = 0.288) and fat mass (r = 0.298) from body composition variables. No relationships emerged between leptin and blood lipids. We found that there are some significant relationships between adiponectin, leptin and anthropometrical and body composition parameters in physically active postmenopausal females. From blood lipids, only TG correlated significantly with adiponectin.

BACKGROUND: Body composition refers to the constituent of the body, namely, lean mass, fat mass, and water. It serves as a great diagnostic value and a sensitive indicator of an individual's health and nutritional status. AIM: The aim of the study is to determine the age-related difference in anthropometric and body composition parameters in indigenes of Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1200 participants, 578 males and 622 females, between ages of 7–60 years were selected randomly to participate in the study. The participants were divided into three age groups based on their ages; children (7–12 years), adolescents (13–17 years), and adults (18–60 years). Weight, height, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, abdominal circumference, upper arm circumference, % body fat, triceps and iliac skinfold thicknesses were measured in all participants. RESULTS: All the anthropometric parameters measured increased significantly across the three age groups and in both males and females across the three age groups. Some of the anthropometric parameters showed significant difference in both sexes in the children, adolescents and adults age group. Percentage body fat also increases across the three age groups and in both sexes in each age group. All the parameters were significantly higher in the females than in the males. CONCLUSION: Age and gender brings about significant differences in anthropometric and body composition parameters in individuals.

The aim of the study was to test the possible relationships of anthropometrical parameters, somatotype and body composition parameters with bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD, total body, the dominant arm distal radius, antero-posterior lumbar spine--L2-L4, femoral neck) in strength- (n=33) and endurance- (n=32) trained and sedentary normal-weight (n=41) and overweight (n=23) young females. Their body height and mass were measured and BMI calculated. Nine skinfolds, thirteen girths, eight lengths and eight breadths/lengths were measured. Somatotype components were calculated according to Carter and Heath (1990). Whole body fat percentage, fat mass, lean body mass (LBM), BMC and BMD were measured by DXA. The relationship of different BMC and BMD values at each of the regions studied to the different anthropometrical and body composition parameters were analysed by using a stepwise multiple regression analysis. In all groups, BMC is highly dependent on the body mass (31.5-81.2%, R2x100). In the endurance-trained females, BMD is dependent on LBM, especially in both weight-bearing sites (66.2% in L2-L4 and 35.3% in the femoral neck). LBM explained 77.0% of the total variance of BMC in this group. BMC in the strength-trained group is dependent on the lower body anthropometrical parameters--thigh skinfold (18.2%), calf girth (25.2%), trochanterion length (24.1%) and sitting height (51.4%). From the endurance-trained group, BMC is dependent on hip girth (75.2%) or in combination with ankle girth (81.2%). From the length parameters, trochanterion is the most important (55.8%) and from breadths/lengths, sitting height (57.1%). In the normal-weight females, BMC is dependent on the calf girth (31.1%), trochanterion length (28.2%) and sitting height (29.8%). In the overweight group, only chest girth (20.1%) and biacromial breadth/length (27.0%) had a relationship with BMC. From somatotype components, only ectomorphy explained BMD in the endurance-trained females in the femoral neck (21.3%) and in the lumbar spine (20.9%). We can conclude that from the body composition parameters, LBM is a powerful predictor of BMC and BMD. From the anthropometrical parameters measured, lower body parameters are the most important. Somatotype components (ectomorphy) had a relationship with BMD only in the endurance-trained group. There are some differences that depend on the specific physical activity field. In the endurance-trained group, the anthropometry is more important than in the strength-trained group.

Introduction: Swimming is an inexpensive isotonic exercise that is useful for health promotion and prevention of disease. While studies based on body composition and swimming in India are few, the analysis of body composition parameters can provide accurate body assessment and serve as an ideal mode for fitness analysis and promotion of health. Aim: To assess the body composition, anthropometric and cardiac parameters of healthy swimmers and compare these variables with that of healthy non swimmers. Materials and Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Government Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala, India. Duration of study was from January 2017 to January 2018. A total 60 healthy individuals, 30 swimmers and 30 non swimmers were selected by simple random sampling method. Body composition parameters were estimated along with anthropometric measurements and cardiac parameters- height, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Quantitative variables like body composition parameters were analysed using mean standard deviation and 95% confidential interval. Comparison of body composition parameters were analysed using independent t-test and significant level was kept at 5%. Results: The mean age of swimmers was 19.93±1.59 years and that of non swimmer subjects was 22.87±1.88 years. Body composition parameters included Body Fat Percentage (BFP p-value &lt;0.001), Fat Mass (FM p-value &lt;0.001) and Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR p-value &lt;0.001) were found to be significantly decreased (p-value &lt;0.05) in swimmers when compared to non swimmers. However, the Fat Free Mass (FFM p-value=0.13) and Fat Free Mass Index (FFMI p-value=0.22) were also decreased but comparable (p-value &gt;0.05). Weight and BMI along with pulse, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (p-value &lt;0.001) were lower in swimmers than non swimmers and statistically significant (p-value &lt;0.05) by independent t-test. Conclusion: The results indicated that, swimming can improve body composition parameters to a more healthy state and therefore can be advised as a form of regular physical activity with a goal to achieve ideal health and fitness.

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to compare the body composition parameters measured by BIA(Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis) and the metabolic, anthropometric and hormonal parameters of the PCOS patients with the healthy control group and to examine the effect of PCOS on body composition parameters. It is aimed to give a better direction to PCOS follow-up and treatment. Material and Method: 23 non-obese PCOS patients were involved to this prospective study. PCOS diagnosis was made according to the Rotterdam Consensus. Antropometric, metabolic and hormonal parameters were measured. Body compositions were measured by BIA. Results: When the relationship between body composition parameters and metabolic and hormonal values were examined, significant correlations were found. There was a negative correlation between AUC-insulin levels and SHBG while a significant positive correlation between free testosterone in hirsute women with PCOS. There was a significant negative correlation between free testosterone level increase and body fat ratio while a significant positive correlation between SHBG and body fat ratio. There was a significant negative correlation between DHEAS and BMI and the hip circumference. When the relationship between body composition and antropometric parameters were examined, a significant positive correlation was found between BMI and body fat ratio, total body water and basal metabolic rate in women with PCOS. Conclusion: In this study, significant correlations were found between body compositions and hormonal, metabolic and anthropometric parameters in patients with PCOS. Based on these findings, we believe that BIA can play an important role in outpatient follow-up of patients with PCOS.

Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy (FSHD) leads to progressive changes in body composition such as loss of muscle mass and increase in adiposity. In healthy subjects, anthropometric parameters are associated with the maximum volume of oxygen consumed per minute (VO2max), which is a health and function indicator in several populations of subjects, both healthy and pathological. Since VO2max can be difficult to test in patients with FSHD due to exercise intolerance, the identification of associated anthropometric parameters could provide new easily obtainable elements for the patients' clinical stratification. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether anthropometric and body composition parameters are associated with VO2max in patients with FSHD. A total of 22 subjects with a molecular genetics-based diagnosis of FSHD (6 females, 16 males, mean age of 35.18 years) were recruited for the study. VO2max was measured by cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPETs) on a cycle ergometer, utilizing a step incremental technique (15 Watts (W) every 30 s). Weight (Kg) and height (m) were obtained and utilized to calculate body mass index (BMI). Body composition parameters (fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM), and body cell mass (BCM)) were obtained by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Significant negative associations were found between VO2max and FM (Spearman correlation coefficient (SCC) -0.712), BMI (SCC -0.673), age (SCC -0.480), and weight (SCC -0.634), unlike FFM and BCM. Our results indicate that FM, BMI, age, and body weight are negatively associated with VO2max in patients with FSHD. This evidence may help practitioners to better stratify patients with FSHD.

BackgroundChitosan is a dietary fibre which acts by reducing fat absorption and thus used as a means for controlling weight. Weight loss clinical trial outcomes, however, have contradictory results regarding its efficacy. The primary objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a chitosan from fungal origin in treatment of excess weight in the absence of dietary restrictions.MethodsA phase IV, randomised, multicentre, single-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical study was conducted by administering chitosan capsules (500 mg, five/day) and indistinguishable placebo capsules as daily supplements to 96 overweight and obese subjects for 90 days. The study participants were divided in 2:1 ratio to receive either chitosan (n = 64) or placebo (n = 32). Efficacy was assessed by measuring body weight, body composition parameters, anthropometric measurements, HbA1C level and lipid profile at day 45 and day 90. Also, short form-36 quality of life (QoL) questionnaire was assessed to evaluate improvement in life-style and dietary habits were recorded for calorie intake. Safety was assessed by evaluating safety parameters and monitoring adverse events.ResultsThe mean changes in body weight were -1.78 ± 1.37 kg and -3.10 ± 1.95 kg at day 45 and day 90 respectively in chitosan group which were significantly different (p < 0.0001) as compared to placebo. BMI was decreased by10.91 fold compared to placebo after 90 day administration. In concert with this, there was also reduction in body composition and anthropometric parameters together with improvement in QoL score. Chitosan was also able to reduce HbA1C levels (below 6 %) in subjects who had initial higher values. The mean caloric intake shows that there was no change in dietary habits of subjects in both groups. Lipid levels were unaffected and all adverse events were mild in nature and unrelated to study treatment.ConclusionChitosan from fungal origin was able to reduce the mean body weight up to 3 kg during the 90 day study period. Together with this, there was also improvement in body composition, anthropometric parameters and HbA1C, reflecting overall benefits for the overweight individuals. Additionally, there was also improvement in QoL score. It was safe and well tolerated by all subjects.Trial registration CTRI/2014/08/004901.

The aim of the present study was to assess the anthropometric characteristics and body composition in type 1 diabetic patients and compare the results with a randomly selected control population. We studied 75 type 1 diabetic patients, 43 male and 32 female, recruited from consecutive diagnosed type 1 diabetic patients attending the Endocrine Unit and treated with a intensive insulin regimen, and 93 control subjects, 44 males and 49 females representative of the census of this city. We performed a dietary recall in patients and determined anthropometric characteristics, both in patients and controls, body weight, height, body-mass index, waist-hip ratio and body composition parameters: total body water, free-fat mass, body free-fat mass, fat mass and body fat by bioelectrical impedance analyser. In diabetic male patients, we observed lower waist-hip ratio than in controls, 0.84 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.88 +/- 0.07, p = 0.021, higher free-fat mass in female diabetic patients, 48.5 +/- 5.6 vs. 45.6 +/- 5.9 kg, p = 0.03, lower fat mass in male diabetic patients, 9.5 +/- 6.9 vs. 14.6 +/- 8.5 kg, p = 0.003. We did not find any correlation among the parameters of body composition and dietary macronutrient intake in patients. The present study exposes the differences in anthropometric characteristics and body composition in type 1 diabetes mellitus, especially lower waist-hip ratio in male, higher free-fat mass in female and lower fat mass in male.

Introduction: Children with intestinal failure (IF) receiving long-term home parenteral nutrition (PN) have an altered body composition (BC), but early data on BC changes from the start of PN onwards are lacking. We aimed to assess growth and BC in infants after neonatal intestinal surgery necessitating PN, and to explore associations with clinical parameters. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, infants were included after intestinal surgery. IF was defined as PN-dependency for >60 days. Standard deviation scores (SDS) for anthropometric parameters were calculated until 6 months corrected age (ca). In a subgroup, fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured with air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) at 2 and 6 months ca. SDS for FM index (=FM in kg / (length in m)2) and FFM index were calculated. The association between the cumulative amount of PN (PNcum=area-under-the-curve of duration x energy percentage from PN) and anthropometric and BC parameters was evaluated with linear regression analyses correcting for sex and gestational age. Results: Ninety neonates were included (53% boys, 67% preterm, median birth weight -0.1 SDS, 40% with IF). Studied infants had compromised anthropometric parameters during follow-up. At 6 months ca, infants remained smaller (median weight-for-age SDS -0.9, p<0.001) and shorter (median length-for-age SDS -0.4, p=0.003) than the normal population. In 56 infants, 90 ADP measurements were performed. FM index SDS was significantly lower than the reference population at both 2 and 6 months ca (-0.8, p<0.001 and -0.7, p=0.001), but the FFM index SDS did not differ. PNcum was not associated with anthropometric or BC parameters. Conclusions: In this cohort of infants with PN need after neonatal surgery, compromised growth, decreased FM and adequate FFM were observed during the first 6 months. The cumulative amount of PN was not a predictor of BC outcomes. The need for continuing growth monitoring after 6 months of age seems obvious, but further research needs to explore the benefit of incorporating ongoing monitoring of BC during follow-up.