Head Injuries and the Gender Gap in Anxiety and Depression Symptoms.

Gender differences in depression are globally documented across a wide range of studies that analyse self-reports of depressive symptoms or clinical diagnoses. Extensive research fails to identify any single reason for this finding but given systematic variation in depressive symptomatology across social groups, gender differences must derive at least partly from environmental or social factors. Among the social factors that are considered most important are those relating to gender differences in socio-economic status and the underlying gender division of labor. In this study, we add to existing research by interrogating heterogeneity in gender differences in mental health. Studies that investigate environmental factors typically consider these only in relation to the average gender gap in depression. We use a novel sorting and classification method (Chernozhukov et al., 2018) that makes it possible to map the full distribution of gender differences in depressive symptomatology among comparable women and men. Although we cannot attribute causality, the method allows us to isolate those social factors that are distinctive to women who experience the largest gender gap in depressive symptoms compared to those who exhibit the smallest. The study analyses detailed nationally representative micro-data from South Africa, a country with high rates of poverty, which are higher still among women. As is common elsewhere, women report significantly more depressive symptoms than men, and low socio-economic status is correlated with poor mental health. However, women with low socio-economic status are not relatively more concentrated among women who face the largest gender gap in depressive symptomatology. These findings would not be consistent with the hypothesis that women have a greater tendency than men to ruminate over economic hardship and could rather point to resilience and a “steeling effect” among poor women.

We aim to investigate to what extent gender inequality at the labor market explains higher depression risk for older US women compared to men. We analyze data from 35,699 US adults aged 50–80 years that participated in the Health and Retirement Study. The gender gap is calculated as the difference in prevalence in elevated depressive symptoms (score ≥ 3 on the 8-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale) between women and men. We employ a dynamic causal decomposition and simulate the life course of a synthetic cohort from ages 50–80 with the longitudinal g-formula and introduce four nested interventions by assigning women the same probabilities of A) being in an employment category, B) occupation class, C) current income and D) prior income group as men, conditional on women's health and family status until age 70. The gender gap in depression risk is 2.9%-points at ages 50–51 which increases to 7.6%-points at ages 70–71. Intervention A decreases the gender gap over ages 50–71 by 1.2%-points (95%CI for change: 2.81 to 0.4), intervention D by 1.64%-points (95%CI for change: 3.28 to −0.15) or 32% (95%CI: 1.39 to 62.83), and the effects of interventions B and C are in between those of A and D. The impact is particularly large for Hispanics and low educated groups. Gender inequalities at the labor market substantially explain the gender gap in depression risk in older US adults. Reducing these inequalities has the potential to narrow the gender gap in depression.

Depression in later life: A closer look at the gender gap

Emergence of Gender Differences in Depression During Adolescence: National Panel Results From Three Countries

Women suffer depression at higher rates than men. In a meta-analysis using data from 1982-2017, Platt et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2021;190(7):1190-1206) examine trends by age group in the gender depression gap and find no change in the depression gap among adults despite large changes in women's opportunities during the same time period. They do, however, find an increase over time in the gender gap in depression among adolescents. I concur with Platt et al. that likely explanations for their findings involve the social environment. For adult women, the burden of being responsible for the majority of the household labor and the rise in unmarried parenting are likely explanations for why increased paid work opportunities have not resulted in a decrease in the gender gap in depression. For adolescents, the increase might be due to the popularity of social media rising at the same time expectations surrounding beauty and attractiveness heightened for girls and young women. Platt et al. highlight the relationship between the uneven change of the "gender revolution" and depression.

Women average higher levels of depression than men. This paper tests the hypothesis that the gender gap in depression grows in adulthood as women and men enter and undergo their unequal adult statuses. The emerging gender stratification hypothesis has three parts: (1) The age increment hypothesis states that the difference in depression between women and men increases in successively older age groups at least until retirement age and perhaps throughout the lifetime; (2) The status mediation hypothesis states that rising sex differences in marital status, employment, house-work, child care, and economic strains account for much of the larger gender gap in depression among middle-aged adults than among young adults; (3) The differential change hypothesis states that women's depression drops more slowly than men's in early adulthood, so that the gender gap increases over time as implied by the concurrent differences among age groups. Analyses of three data sets (two from national U.S. samples) support the three component hypotheses.

Gender differences in depression in 23 European countries. Cross-national variation in the gender gap in depression

We assess whether gender differences in domestic time-use, including informal adult caregiving and housework, explain the gender gap in depression among older adults. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we model depressive symptoms as a function of informal adult caregiving and housework. The analytic sample includes 539 men and 782 women. Findings suggest informal adult caregiving is associated with increased depressive symptoms for women (p < .05) and men (p < .05). Time spent on housework is associated with decreased depressive symptoms for women and female caregivers (p < .01). Women may experience elevated depressive symptoms relative to men despite their domestic time-use.

The positive relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and health is well established in Western societies. However, while research mainly focuses on SES measures such as education and income, these measures may not completely capture the characteristics of social stratification in China. In the socio-historical context of China, for example, the work unit sector is a crucial SES factor. Yet, few health studies have paid attention to unique SES factors in China. Furthermore, women generally report worse mental health than men, but it is unclear whether this gender gap could be influenced by SES. In this article, using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we (1) expand SES measures to explore the impact of the work unit sector and use other SES measures, including Communist Party of China (CPC) membership and hukou (household registration) status, to examine the relationship between SES and depression and (2) investigate whether SES could modify the relationship between gender and depression. We find that all the SES measures negatively predict the depression symptoms of elderly individuals. We also find that women on average report higher depressive symptom scores than men. However, the gender differences in depressive symptom scores are smaller among elderly individuals with higher SES than among those with lower SES. We demonstrate that the work unit sector and CPC membership are crucial SES factors affecting the mental health of elderly Chinese individuals. Moreover, we show that the gender gap in depression could vary by SES, suggesting that women might benefit more from obtaining higher SES.

Gendered patterns of depression and its determinants in older Europeans

objectives: The purpose of this research is to investigate the most common injuries of the players of the national football teams in Afghanistan from the point of view of the coaches of these teams. Methods: The current research has been conducted using a mixed method (quantitative and qualitative), which is descriptive-analytical in terms of its purpose. The statistical population includes all the coaches of Afghanistan's national teams who work at different levels. The samples were selected purposefully and accessible and consisted of all national football team coaches in different age groups. The number of samples was 25 Coaches, in order to collect theoretical bases, the documentary method was used by referring to documents and documents, internet sites, information banks, scientific articles and theses, etc. Field method and questionnaire were also used to collect the data of this study. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage and inferential statistics such as Friedman in spss software version 26. Results: The qualitative findings of this research, which was conducted with the content analysis approach; It shows that the most common injuries in football sports are injuries of the lower body, upper body injuries, head injuries, shoulder girdle injuries, wrist injuries, foot, toe injuries, knee injuries, lower body muscle injuries, leg and Achilles injuries, and thigh injuries. Injuries, the most common, football And the quantitative findings of this research show that lower body injuries, which include wrist, foot and toe injuries, knee injuries, lower body muscle injuries, leg and Achilles tendon injuries, hip and hip injuries, it is more common than upper body injuries, which include upper body injuries, upper body muscle injuries, head and face injuries, and shoulder girdle injuries, and it has the lowest prevalence among skin injuries. Also among lower body injuries, wrist, foot and toe injuries; The highest rank is followed by knee injuries, lower body muscle injuries, leg and Achilles tendon injuries, and finally thigh and hip injuries have the lowest rank. Among upper body injuries; Injuries around upper; The highest rank is followed by upper body muscle injuries, head and face injuries, and finally shoulder girdle injuries have the lowest rank.

Future Advances and Areas of Future Focus in the Treatment of Sport-Related Concussion

The NCAA Injury Surveillance System (ISS) was used to evaluate head and neck injuries in twelve intercollegiate sports for 3–6 years through the 1990 season. Sports were categorized as those with and without mandated head protection. Prevalence of head and neck injuries were expressed as both a percentage of all reported injuries in a specific sport (%) as well as an injury rate (IR). In addition the primary injury mechanism was noted. Concussions were also listed as a percentage of all reported injuries in a sport and as an injury rate. Of the sports with no head protection, field hockey, men's soccer and women's soccer had the highest prevalence of head injuries and concussions expressed as both % or IR. Ice hockey and football had the highest head injury values of the sports with head protection. Wrestling and football showed the highest % and IR for neck injury.

Urban design and Japanese older adults' depressive symptoms

Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression Among Teens and Adults in the Thalassemia Longitudinal Cohort Study.