Hate Speech in the Comment Sections of Social Media Accounts (Tik Tok) “Shafeea Ahmad”

Emerging and spreading hate speech online was a growing phenomenon in social media on youtube. Najwa Shihab was a youtube channel that contains shows and comments on political issues in Indonesia, one of them was the 2019 presidential election campaign. The form of hate speech in comments in the Najwa Shihab Channels was forming grammatical construction and construction of the meaning of one hate speech with other utterances. The purpose of this study was to analyze the illocutionary speech acts on hate speech and to analyze hate speech based on the rule of law in Indonesia. The analysis resulted in hate speech on the Najwa Shihab youtube channel audience comments in the General Election campaign in the discourse of the President and Vice President of the Republic of Indonesia in 2019. The approach that used in this study was a theoretical approach, namely a forensic linguistic approach by utilizing pragmatics for data analysis, and a methodological approach, namely a qualitative descriptive approach. The data on hate speech that was analyzed was a fragment of the audience's comments on two programs, namely Mata Najwa and Catatan Najwa. The results showed that there were nine forms of hate speech. Two forms of hate speech were considered to be the style of speech that was widely used by the public in delivering comments on social media. The forms of the speech were "Form of Hate Speech, Assertive Speech - Insult" and "Form of Hate Speech, Assertive Speech - Defamation". The existence of this form of speech can be a reference for the community to process opinions first before conveying it on social media. It's legally can be used as an offense in cases of hate speech.

The collapse of most authoritarian rulers in the Arab world in particular and the Middle East in general, was automatically followed by a wider change in the direction of political policy and freedom of expression (hurriyyah al-ta'bīr), channeled through various social media. The freedom of expression does not always have positive implications but is accompanied by the growth of expressions of hatred. Hate speech or khitāb al-karāhiyah contri-butes to the social and political contestation of the Arab Arab World. The research questions in this study are as follow (1) what factors are behind the emergence of hate speech in the Arab world?(2) what is the form and type of hate speech that occurs in the Arab socio-political context? and (3) what is the meaning behind the hate speech? The primary research data were newspapers, journals, related books, and supporting data obtained online. These data were analyzed qualitatively based on the sequence of research formulation. The data analyzed with a socio-pragmatic approach combined with a discourse analysis approach that views language as a social symbol. The results of the study show that (1) hate speech in the context of the Arab World emerged from diverse contexts such as the clash among football supporters, Sunni vs. Shia, and the tensions among rebel groups and the rulers, and the peak of the hate speech occurred during the Arab Spring; (2) though hate speech may be expressed using neutral terms, it essentially refers to a particular discourse; (3) forms of hate speech are contained in the selection of words that are rude, dirty, and hateful; 4) forms of hate speech are expressed in the form of revolutionary slogans. These three forms of hate speech have a referential meaning towards the social facts that occur, namely in the form of the guiding of certain political discourses such as criticism of the Mubarak regime, hatred of certain social groups such as the IM, hatred of political figures, and incitement to commit criminal acts.

This research investigates the phenomenon of hate speech on social media with data obtained from comments on Instagram posts by Gibran Rakabuming Raka, a public figure and politician who is currently the elected vice president. The study employs a qualitative descriptive method with the observation method and utilizes forensic linguistic theory in investigating hate speech comments. It analyzes five examples of hate speech found in the comment section of his private Instagram account @gibran_rakabuming. The data includes five forms of hate speech on Instagram, covering (1) insulting hate speech, (2) provocative hate speech, (3) inciting hate speech, (4) spreading false news hate speech, and (5) defamation hate speech. These findings underscore the importance of awareness in commenting on social media to avoid hate speech and the need for effective prevention measures to mitigate its negative impact on social media platforms. It highlights the importance of awareness and collective efforts to create a safer and more inclusive digital environment. This research contributes to understanding the dynamics of hate speech in the realm of social media.

This paper aims to offer a fresh start for addressing several conundrums relating to hate speech. The method of research combines a conceptual analysis with a possible model for evaluating the European Court of Human Rights’ (ECtHR) decisions on hate speech. First, drawing on a Gricean account of communication, the argument proposes a working definition of hate speech: hate speech is best understood as a public speech act, aimed at subordinating individuals, which causes harm to targeted groups. Second, the paper offers a taxonomy of the different forms of hate speech, based on their degree of explicitness and detachment from the speaker’s intentions. The most explicit forms of (harmful) hate speech – e.g., racial slurs, fighting words, or overtly sexist remarks – will be distinguished from implicit forms of (harmful) hate speech – e.g., innuendo, insinuation, and irony. Third, the author develops a categorical framework for hate speech that can be used as a standard for evaluating the jurisprudence of the ECtHR. The author also discusses three limitations of the model: a) the absence of a European consensus, b) puzzled speakers, and c) difficulty in determining harm.

This study aims to describe the form of netizens' hate speech on the @esteh_indonesia Twitter account which can be categorized as a violation of the law. This research is included in the qualitative research used to describe netizens' hate speech in @esteh_indonesia Twitter comments using forensic linguistic reviews. The methods and techniques used are the listening method and the note-taking technique. Listening is done by observing the hate speech of netizens on the Twitter account @esteh_indonesia. After that, the data that has been selected purposively is copied and then analyzed by collecting data that has been recorded in one folder, classifying and analyzing the data based on the form of hate speech with the guidelines of the Police circular regarding hate speech on social media. The results of the study prove that there are five forms of netizens' hate speech in the Twitter comments of the @esteh.indonesia account: 1) insults, 2) defamation, 3) blasphemy, 4) provoking, and 5) hoax. The results of this study can increase public awareness about the existence of hate speech on social media platforms, especially Twitter. This can encourage people to be more careful in interacting online.

This paper discusses the phenomenon of hated speech or hate speech which in the last five years has dominated social media in Indonesia. The state ispreoccupied with dispelling it by issuing several rules, because hate speech has exceeded the limits of reasonableness—besides cursing into the private sphere, it has also entered the realm of large organizations in the country that threaten the disintegration of the nation. This paper presents the phenomenon of hate speech in the last few years in Indonesia, then the perspective of Islam in dealing with it, as well as several solutions to overcome the proliferation of hate speech behavior. This study with a phenomenological approach to the phenomenon of hate speech in Indonesia is motivated by the threat of national disintegration due to the proliferation of hate speech behavior in Indonesia. There are three discussions, namely the phenomenon of hate speech in Indonesia, hate speech in an Islamic perspective, and the rehabilitation of hate speech addicts. Keywords: Islam, hate speech, rehabilitation.

This research discusses the hate speech delivered by the chairman of BEM UGM against President Joko Widodo, uploaded on social media. This research uses a forensic linguistic approach to examine the forms of hate speech by the BEM UGM chairman against President Joko Widodo. The urgency lies in understanding the impact of hate speech on social media to prevent conflicts and law violations. This research used a descriptive qualitative method with a data collection technique through the Listening-Taking Note method. Data were obtained from video transcriptions and social media posts containing the statement of the Chairman of BEM UGM. Furthermore, the data were analyzed by classifying it based on five forms of hate speech. The results show that there are five forms of hate speech delivered by the Chairman of BEM UGM against President Joko Widodo: (1) hate speech in the form of insults, such as calling the President a ‘Javanese Machiavelli’ and using derogatory words; (2) hate speech in the form of defamation, such as accusations of being a ‘ruler who destroys the democratic system’; (3) hate speech in the form of provocation, such as calls to fight the government; (4) hate speech in the form of spreading false news, such as the issue of a three-term presidency and accusations of nepotism; and (5) hate speech in the form of unpleasant actions, such as the installation of billboards calling the President ‘the most embarrassing UGM alumni’. The findings also show that these hate speeches are often not supported by factual evidence, so they are assumptions and slander. Thus, this research illustrates the importance of awareness in using social media wisely so as not to violate legal norms and communication ethics.

The phenomenon of hate speech against religions including Islam in Indonesia is a serious problem. One of the ways to spread hate speech against Islam is by using social media such as YouTube. This problem is already regulated in Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning ITE (Information and Electronic Transactions) in Article 28 Paragraphs 1 and 2 and Article 45A Paragraph 2. This study aims to observe the phenomenon of hate speech in general and hate speech against Islam in particular, on YouTube social media in Indonesia during the period January-June 2021. This study is qualitative in nature and based on library research. The study found that the phenomena of hate during the period under study, in general, increased. However, such an increase is not stable. It highly increases during the General Election season in 2019. During the period January-June 2021, the study at least three accounts which directly attacks Islam, namely, Muhammad Kece, Joseph Paul Zhang, and Saifuddin Ibrahim. The nature of hate speech against Islam carried out by those three accounts comes in the form of insulting, harassment, slander, provocation, and hoaxes. Islam prohibits hate speech and stipulates it as a criminal act with the category of ta'zir. The Indonesian government has also taken firm steps to eradicate hate speech on social media. However, this problem has not been resolved properly due to the difficulty of controlling the use of social media.
 Keywords: Hate Speech; Islam; YouTube

The phenomenon of hate speech against religions including Islam in Indonesia is a serious problem. One of the ways to spread hate speech against Islam is by using social media such as YouTube. This problem is already regulated in Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning ITE (Information and Electronic Transactions) in Article 28 Paragraphs 1 and 2 and Article 45A Paragraph 2. This study aims to observe the phenomenon of hate speech in general and hate speech against Islam in particular, on YouTube social media in Indonesia during the period January-June 2021. This study is qualitative in nature and based on library research. The study found that the phenomena of hate during the period under study, in general, increased. However, such an increase is not stable. It highly increases during the General Election season in 2019. During the period January-June 2021, the study at least three accounts which directly attacks Islam, namely, Muhammad Kece, Joseph Paul Zhang, and Saifuddin Ibrahim. The nature of hate speech against Islam carried out by those three accounts comes in the form of insulting, harassment, slander, provocation, and hoaxes. Islam prohibits hate speech and stipulates it as a criminal act with the category of ta'zir. The Indonesian government has also taken firm steps to eradicate hate speech on social media. However, this problem has not been resolved properly due to the difficulty of controlling the use of social media.
 Keywords: Hate Speech; Islam; YouTube

This article aims to contextualize the hadith of Al-Bukhari's transmission number 5.559 about 'speaking the good or remain silent' through the Double Movement theory from Fazlu Rahman, which will then become the basis for a ban on the phenomenon of hate speech on social media. This departs from the reality of hate speech that is increasingly rampant, even though the act has been banned in the Circular Chief of Police number SE / 06 / X / 2005. After analyzing and analyzing the history of Al-Bukhari number 5559, this article concludes that the hadith is a response to the bad behavior experienced by Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Salam from his neighbor, one of which is mentioned in the hadith is not saying good, as an antonym of the word saying good. Behavior of not saying good here is also in line with the phenomenon of hate speech, especially entering the media era. The moral ideal of this tradition is as a command to say good, if it is unable or unwilling, it is better to be quiet, rather than doing hate speech. As for the threat of hate speech,, as the moral ideal of the hadith here, is not included as those who believe because they are not good or silent, but instead do hate speech.

Along with the times, especially in the era of the development of information and communication technology. The development of information technology is very sophisticated, fast and easy so that it becomes a lifestyle for people around the world, including Indonesia. The public is free to express their opinions, either through oral, written, print or electronic media (online). Often the delivery of opinions or opinions freely is misused by some people to express their opinions in an uncultured and unethical manner which will bring legal consequences for the perpetrators, one of which is expressing displeasure or making hate speech. Hate speech is an act of communication carried out by an individual or group in the form of provocation, incitement, or insult to another individual or group in terms of various aspects such as race, skin color, gender, disability, sexual orientation, nationality, religion. , and others. This hate speech crime can be carried out through various media, including in campaign speeches, social media networks, public presentations (demonstrations), religious lectures and other electronic media. This study aims to see how the differences in the tendency to do hate speech between men and women. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. This method is used to see and describe the tendency to do hate speech between men and women. This research was conducted on 4 teenagers (2 boys and 2 girls; average age 19 years; student status) through in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed using an interactive model consisting of three steps including data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results of the study indicate that there are differences in the forms of hate speech between men and women, where differences in women's hate speech are more provocation to everyone against people who are given hate speech than hate speech committed by men. Therefore, as good Indonesian citizens and upholding unity, in expressing opinions and criticisms, we should use wise and kind sentences, so that our opinions can be accepted and do not cause misunderstandings to other social media users. When using social media services to express opinions and criticisms, we should use wise and kind sentences, so that our opinions can be accepted and do not cause misunderstandings to other social media users. It is better in laws and regulations relating to insults and hate speech, both on social media and in public, a further article is made that explains the intent of hate speech itself, such as dirty sentences, animal names and speech without valid data. If it is used, it will be subject to the ITE article regarding hate speech itself. Counselors/BK teachers also have an important role to shape student behavior in schools so as not to do hate speech. Not only that, the creativity of a Counselor/BK teacher is also required so that all ways can be taken to avoid students being involved with hate speech behavior by providing information services and providing group guidance services. For students who have been involved with hate speech actions, coaching can be done through individual counseling, group counseling and group guidance.

The rise in efforts to fight hate speech is representative of the bigger trend of taking peacebuilding online, yet the phenomenon of hate speech clearly predates the internet age. This chapter argues that contemporary efforts struggle to address the deeper drivers of conflict that are also related to hate speech. Hate speech plays a role in inciting mass violence, encouraging extremism, and undermining democracy, but also provides the justifications for maintaining inequality, discrimination, and oppression that often underpin violent conflict. However, efforts to fight hate speech on social media tend to focus more on curtailing its immediate role in violence than its intermediate role in reproducing the conditions of violence. Presenting a study of efforts to fight hate speech in Sri Lanka, the chapter suggests that countering social media hate speech tends to focus on the detection of words (lexicalism), the analysis of data for conflict-preventative purposes (dashboardism), the reporting and removal of hate speech (deletionism), a joint reactionary response that advances alternative narratives (crowd-counterism), and a rights-based approach focused on regulating contemporary expressions of hate speech (presentism). Overall, the chapter argues that these technical solutions do relatively little to address the underlying, historically conditioned socio-economic dimensions of conflict.

Social media has become a platform that facilitates global interaction instantly. However, with this ease of access, the phenomenon of hate speech has emerged that affects political and social dynamics. The study analyzed the trail of "Fufufafa" cases on Facebook, focusing on the impact of hate speech in political discourse on social media. The study aims to understand how hate speech is spread and received by Facebook users, as well as its impact on social polarization. Using a content analysis approach, this study identifies communication patterns related to hate speech in the case, as well as how social media reinforces those narratives. The findings suggest that hate speech is often used as a political tool to mobilize support, incite hatred, and exacerbate social polarization. The study also highlights the role of social media algorithms in accelerating the spread of negative content and increasing exposure to certain groups. Thus, the results of this study are expected to provide insight for policymakers in dealing with the problem of hate speech in the digital space, especially in the political context on social media.

Background: Hate speech is a very important problem nowadays. One can meet it in one’s immediate surroundings (conversations with friends), the media, the Internet, or in the so-called public space (for example, inscriptions on the walls). One form of hate speech is online hate speech, which, together with certain other phenomena, is referred to as hejt in the Polish language. The authors of the article focus on presenting online hate speech in relation to various age and social groups. Objectives: The aim of the article is to present the phenomenon of hate speech on the web and its impact on the safety of Internet users. Methods: The article uses basic theoretical and empirical methods. Content published on the Internet is analyzed and case studies are described. Interviews with experts (psychologists, police officers, sociologists, media and hate speech specialists) were also conducted and their views are presented. Conclusions: In the discussion about hate speech, prevention is extremely important. According to the authors, broad prevention consisting of professionally prepared content, enriched with film materials, presented by an expert or a trained teacher, should be included in the core curriculum of schools as one of the mandatory issues raised during the lessons.

This research discusses cyberbullying in the form of hate comments that befell beauty influencers on Tiktok social media. The phenomenon of cyberbullying and hate speech often occurs on social media and affects content creators, with the aim of convincing, hurting and intimidating someone with the comments they make. The theory used in this research is Routine Activity Theory put forward by Cohen & Felson. According to Cohen & Felson, crime can occur due to 3 factors, namely a motivated perpetrator: a motivated perpetrator, a suitable target: the presence of a suitable target, and a capable guardian: the absence of a guard or supervisor to protect the victim from criminal acts. Data collection techniques were carried out in three ways, namely observation, interviews and literature review. The purpose of this writing is to provide knowledge to readers about the problem of cyberbullying and hate speech and what impacts the victims feel after receiving these hate comments. The results of this research show that the daily routine activities carried out by beauty influencers on social media, both for their work and social life, are vulnerable to making them victims of cyberbullying in the form of hate speech. The hate speech they receive makes them mentally down, making them feel stressed and useless. And the reason the perpetrators make comments like that is because they are motivated by the content from beauty influencers that they see and it creates a feeling of dislike in them.