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Abstract
Hate crimes are criminal acts motivated by the victim's perceived group affiliation. Most US states and many countries have enacted hate‐crime laws within the past few decades, but these laws often do not include offenses committed against members of the LGBTQ community, even though members of this community are disproportionately likely to suffer from threats and violence. Furthermore, hate crimes against LGBTQ people are rarely reported and even more rarely result in convictions. But victims of these crimes may suffer more ill effects than victims of other crimes, and victimization may contribute to psychological harms.
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