Acknowledgments Introduction The Racialization of Crime Structure of the Book Part One: Concepts, Theories, Approaches 1. Concepts and Theories about Race, Racialization, and Criminal Justice Conceptualizing Race, Racism, and Racial Difference The Racialization of Crime and Criminal Justice in Canada The Criminalization of Racial Groups Part Two: Constructing Criminal Justice 2. Intersectionality, Crime, and Criminal Justice Intersectionality and Feminist Criminologies Who Is an (In)Credible Lawbreaker or Victim of Crime? Normative Expectations and Criminal Justice The But For Phenomenon Rethinking the Criminal?Victim Dichotomy Intersectionality and Equality 3. Race, Crime, and Mental Health Anti-Psychiatry and Critiques of the Psy Complex Racial Discrimination, Racial Disparities, and Mental Health Mad or Bad? Categorizing Dual Deviants Diagnosing Dangerousness: Mental Illness and Violence Deinstitutionalization and the Criminalization of Madness 4. Media Representations of Race, Crime, and Criminal Justice Newsworthiness and Crime Reporting Race, Crime, and Moral Panics Crime and Criminal Justice as Spectacle Part Three: Administering Criminal Justice 5. Race, Racism, and Policing Policing Under the Radar Racial Profiling and Police Stop and Search Decisions Race and Police Use of Force 6. Race, Sentencing, and Imprisonment Gendering Criminal Justice Race and the Criminal Justice Process Unintended Consequences of Criminal Justice Reform 7. Criminal Victimization and Hate Crimes Victimization of Women Racialized Youth and Criminal Victimization Hate Crimes in Canada Part Four: Criminalizing Racial Groups 8. The Racialization of National Security Legislative Changes The New Enemy The Exceptional State? Bolstering Domestic Security 9. The Racialization of Immigration Surveillance Migration Surveillance Preventing and Deterring Unwanted Migration Detention and Deportation The Rise of Anti-Immigration 10. The Criminalization and Racialization of Poverty Rolling Back State Support The Undeserving Poor Penalizing and Criminalizing Poor People References Legal Cases Cited Index

In Canada hating has never been illegal, but since 1970 acting upon this feeling is illegal. While hate has been part of the cultural, political, and social fabric of this sometimes "peaceable kingdom" (e.g., Friedenberg, 1979), it was only in the 1960s that a strong enough popular and legislative agenda developed to amend the Criminal Code of Canada, (hereafter the Code), to include a hate crime law. This legislative change was one of many reactions to a rise in right·wing ideology, racial discrimination, and violence in Canada.The study of hate crime in Canada has been covered under the umbrella terms of antisemitism, discrimination, freedom of expression and speech, immigration, prejudice, nationalism, nativism, racism. refugees, and right.wing activity. Already, a considerable amount of research has been conducted on this subject. This chapter is primarily a historical analysis of the introduction of hate crime legislation in Canada, the situations where charges were filed and well publicized, as well as those cases where hate crime charges were considered by authorities but avoided.