Harmless parasites? Infections with Hemolivia mauritanica (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina: Karyolysidae) and Haemocystidium spp. (Apicomplexa: Haemosporida: Haemoproteidae) have a negligible impact on white cell counts in tortoise hosts.

Selection for behavior and hemopoiesis in American mink (Neovison vison)

Differential leukocyte counts of pleural fluid are routinely recommended for the early diagnosis and management of exudative pleural effusions. Rapid automated cellular analysis agrees strongly with standard manual microscopic counts and has become a reality in many clinical laboratories. However, discordant results sometimes observed between automated and manual analyses raise concern about using automated analysis to aid prompt differential diagnosis. This study aimed to evaluate the real-world disagreement between automated and manual leukocyte analyses in exudative pleural effusions and to investigate whether the discordant results occur in specific cellular ranges or randomly. We conducted a retrospective study of patients who were diagnosed with parapneumonic pleural effusions (PPE), tuberculous pleural effusions (TPE), and malignant pleural effusions (MPE) between September 2018 and December 2020. Differential and predominant leukocyte counts were performed using an automated XN-350 analyzer with a two-part differential count consisting of polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear (MN) leukocytes and a manual method with Wright-stained cytospin slides. We compared the two methods on cases of 109 PPEs, 50 TPEs, and 116 MPEs. Although the overall correlation between the two methods for differential leukocyte counts was excellent, there were etiologic variations; MPEs showed a lower correlation compared to PPEs and TPEs. Automated-PMN predominance almost corresponded to manual cytospin-neutrophilic predominance. In contrast, ~10% of the automated-MN predominance did not correspond with the cytospin-lymphocytic predominance. These discrepancies occurred most in the automated-MN% range of 51% to 60%, followed by 61% to 70%. The PMN% range ≥50% and <30% on the automated analysis reliably corresponds to the neutrophilic and lymphocytic predominance, respectively. However, the MN% range of 51% to 70% may not coincide with lymphocytic predominance on manual cytospin analysis. This range leaves the potential cause of exudative pleural effusions open.

Introduction: Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of both ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke which has been linked to chronic and acute inflammation. Variations in the biochemical status of stroke patients might be accountable for the high morbidity and mortality associated with stroke.&#x0D; Aims of the Study: This study was designed to investigate haematological parameters namely Parked cell volume(PCV), Total Leucocyte Count(WBC), Platelet Count, and Differential Leucocyte Count(Neutrophil and Erythrocyte) in stroke patients attending various teaching and general hospitals in South-Western part of Nigeria.&#x0D; Place and Duration of the Study: This study included already diagnosed stroke patients attending Teaching Hospitals and general hospitals in south-Western Nigeria and was carried out between 2015 to 2017.&#x0D; Methodology: Packed Cell Volume (PCV), total leucocyte (WBC), differential leukocyte and platelet count was determined using the method of Cheesbrough, (1999).&#x0D; Results: The result of this study revealed a significant increase p&lt;0.05 in platelet count in stroke patients when compared with the control. Similarly, there is a significant increase p&lt;0.05 in differential leukocyte count(neutrophil and lymphocyte count) in these patients when compared with the control. However, the WBC level in these patients is not significantly p&lt;0.05 different from the control subjects. The PCV in stroke patients is significantly lowered p&lt;0.05 when compared with the control subjects.&#x0D; Conclusion: This study reveals alterations in most of the haematological parameters considered in this patients which is a pointer to the fact that these parameters with further investigations could give clues to the diagnosis and management of stroke thereby reducing its morbidity and mortality.

Introduction: Differential leukocyte is a frequently ordered laboratory test. It is the percentage distribution of types of leukocytes on a stained film. There are two methods to determine differential leukocyte count which are manual and automated. Manual method is considered the gold standard and is used to validate differential counts obtained by automated method. The comparative knowledge about the different methods to determine differential leukocyte count may guide us to use of proper method to determine the differential count more accurately and in a shorter time. The study aims to compare differential leukocyte count of normal blood samples by manual and automatic methods. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted in laboratory of Kasturba Hospital, Manipal. A total of 347 blood samples of adults that did not show abnormalities in automatic analyzer were included in the study by purposive sampling method. Blood smears for manual count were prepared by Leishman’s stain. Results: A significant difference was observed between manual and automated leukocyte differential counts in 100 and 200 cells per specimen in neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. Conclusions: The study concludes the need of improving accuracy and reliability of the automated methods. A reference range generated by further studies could help provide more accurate determination of differential leukocyte count.

BackgroundSystemic inflammation is related to chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Elevated peripheral leukocyte count may be a herald of increased systemic inflammation and subclinical disease. Inflammation plays an important role in renal progression. The pattern of total and differential leukocyte count in CKD is not well understood. Besides, the association between total and differential leukocyte count and renal progression is still uncertain.MethodsWe conducted a community-based cohort study with a follow-up period of two years to evaluate the total and differential leukocyte counts and renal progression association.ResultsIn our study population from the community with a total number of 2128, we found 15.7% (335/2128) CKD patients with a mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) around 96 ± 26 ml/min/1.73 m2. The peripheral total leukocyte count and also differential leukocyte count were significantly negatively correlated with eGFR. A total of 56 patients (3%) experienced a rapid progression of the kidney with the definition of eGFR reduction changes of 30% or greater within two years. Univariate analysis indicated that rapid renal progression was significantly associated with male gender, co-morbidity of diabetes mellitus (DM), higher uric acid levels, higher peripheral neutrophil, monocyte, and eosinophil counts. However, only the peripheral neutrophil count was positively and independently associated with rapid renal progression after multivariate analysis. The ROC curve analysis found that the optimal cutoff value of peripheral neutrophil count for rapid progression was 2760/ mm3, with an area under the curve of 0.813.ConclusionHyperinflammation with higher peripheral total and differential leukocyte count was noted in CKD patients. The peripheral neutrophil count was the only independent factor significantly associated with rapid renal progression. The optimal cutoff point of the peripheral neutrophil count with 2760/mm3 is useful for determining the high-risk population for rapid renal progression with a satisfying sensitivity and specificity.

Systemic inflammation is related to chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Elevated peripheral leukocyte count may be a herald of increased systemic inflammation and subclinical disease. Inflammation plays an important role in renal progression. The pattern of total and differential leukocyte count in CKD is not well understood. Besides, the association between total and differential leukocyte count and renal progression is still uncertain. We conducted a community-based cohort study with a follow-up period of two years to evaluate the total and differential leukocyte counts and renal progression association. In our study population from the community with a total number of 2128, we found 15.7% (335/2128) CKD patients with a mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) around 96 ± 26 ml/min/1.73 m2. The peripheral total leukocyte count and also differential leukocyte count were significantly negatively correlated with eGFR. A total of 56 patients (3%) experienced a rapid progression of the kidney with the definition of eGFR reduction changes of 30% or greater within two years. Univariate analysis indicated that rapid renal progression was significantly associated with male gender, co-morbidity of diabetes mellitus (DM), higher uric acid levels, higher peripheral neutrophil, monocyte, and eosinophil counts. However, only the peripheral neutrophil count was positively and independently associated with rapid renal progression after multivariate analysis. The ROC curve analysis found that the optimal cutoff value of peripheral neutrophil count for rapid progression was 2760/ mm3, with an area under the curve of 0.813. Hyperinflammation with higher peripheral total and differential leukocyte count was noted in CKD patients. The peripheral neutrophil count was the only independent factor significantly associated with rapid renal progression. The optimal cutoff point of the peripheral neutrophil count with 2760/mm3 is useful for determining the high-risk population for rapid renal progression with a satisfying sensitivity and specificity.

Normally eosinophil constitutes 1-7% with it's absolute count < 700 cells /dl of blood but while studying the Differential Leukocyte Count (DLC) of the medical students it is found that the percentage of eosinophils in DLC is much higher among a significant number of Nepalese students of hill region though they have no complains of any diseases. The present study is therefore undertaken to study whether the eosinophil count of normal high altitude natives is significantly higher than the normal low landers or not. Keeping this in view the MBBS students of Nepali and Indian origin are randomly selected and the Differential Leukocyte (Eosinophil) Count (DEC) and Absolute Eosinophil Count (AEC) are done by the standard hematological techniques along with the ESR value of individual subjects. It was found that the normal range of DEC is significantly high in Nepali students of high altitude natives along with the AEC than that of low landers . Therefore it can be opined that the normal range of eosinophil count among the high altitude natives may be higher than the standard reference value which might be physiological as suggested by their normal ESR values.

Мета дослідження – вивчити ефективність застосування лімфотропної протимікробної терапії гострих лімфаденітів у дітей Матеріали та методи Для вирішення поставленої задачі на базі хірургічного відділення №2 ДМКЛ№1 було відібрано 60 пацієнтів віком від 3 років з гострими ЛА інфекційної етіології різної локалізації. За методом терапії останніх розділено на дві групи по 30 чол.: в першій (порівняльна) застосовувався лімфотропний, а в другій (контрольна)—внутрішьовенний шляхи введення препарату. В кожній із них виділено по дві підгрупи в залежності від стадії запального процесу: ексудативно-інфільтраційних змін та абсцедування. Розподіл пацієнтів в даних групах згідно віку, локалізації процесу був однаковий. Регіонарне лімфотропне введення антибіотика здійснювалося підшкірно на глибину 1,5-2см. у проміжок між І-шим і ІІ-гим пальцями руки, ноги або ділянку сосковидного відростку, по загальновідомій методиці із використанням 0,25% новокаїну. Лімфотропно застосовували гентаміцин із розрахунку 1мг/кг/добу з інтервалом 24 год. в перші дві доби, надалі через добу, внутрішьовенно -- гентаміцин у дозі 2 мг/кг/добу із 8 год. проміжком. Місцеве лікування при серозному лімфаденіті здійснювалося шляхом накладання повязок із 25% розчином димексиду та УВЧ терапією, при абсцедуванні – оперативне втручання. Для оцінки результатів використовували динаміку температурної реакції, лабораторних показників (рівень лейкоцитів та лейкоцитарна формула; ШОЕ), УЗ картини та локальні прояви. Критерієм відміни протимікробної терапії були нормалізація температури тіла, позитивна динаміка локальних та УЗ проявів, нормалізація лабораторних показників. Результати дослідження При проведенні даного дослідження отримано слідуючі показники. На момент госпіталізації порушення загального стану відмічалося у 53% дітей переважно молодшого віку із ЛА шийно-щелепно-лицевої ділянки. Підвищення температури тіла відмічалося у 86.6% (52), однак гектичних значень вона досягала лише у 13,3% (8). При гнійних ЛА після оперативного втручання її нормалізація протягом першої доби в групі порівняння відмічалася у 61,1% дітей (11), та до кінця другої доби -- у 94,4% (17), на відміну від контрольної, в якій тільки на третю добу у 88,8% (16) пацієнтів даний показник був у межах норми. При серозних ЛА на фоні лімфотропної терапії на третю добу нормальна температурна реакція відмічалася у 83,3% (10), в контрольній же групі становила у 66,7% (8). На момент госпіталізації лабораторні дані в обох групах вказували на наявність запального процесу: лейкоцитоз із сувом лейкоцитарної формули вліво у 80% (48), зростання ШОЕ у 60% (36). При застосуванні лімфотропної антибактеріальної терапії (порівняльна група) відмічалася прискорена нормалізація лабораторних показників: вже на третю добу вміст лейкоцитів та лейкоцитарна формула були в межах вікової норми у 93,3% пацієнтів, на відміну від контрольної групи, де даний результат спостерігався лише на пяту добу. Рівень ШОЕ був помірно підвищеним в обох групах та характеризувався більш сповільненими темпами відновлення. Протікання ранньового процесу та загоєння післяопераційної рани в обох групах відбувалося симультанно, на відміну від гострих серозних ЛА, де в групі порівняння спостерігалися прискорені темпи нормалізації, насамперед, зменшення ЛВ та локальної болючості. Середня кількькість ін’єкцій при лімфотропному введенні АБ склала 4, а при внутрішньовенному шляху – 15. Середній ліжко день у групі порівняння при гострих гнійних ЛА склав 7,0, а при серозних – 8,3, тоді як у контрольній – 9,5 відповідно. Висновки 1. Застосування лімфотропної терапії при гострих лімфаденітах у дітей є патогенетично обгрунтованим. 2. При застосуванні антибактеріальної ЛТ у лікуванні бактеріальних лімфаденітів, як в стадії серозного запалення так і абсцедування, відмічалися прискорені нормалізація температурної реакції організму, лабораторних показників та локальних проявів. 3. Використання ЛТ у двох дітей на початковій стадії деструкції ЛВ (за даними УЗД) дозволило уникнути нагноєння та досягти одужання консервативним шляхом. 4. Застосування лімфотропного регіонарного введення АБ при даній патології дає можливості вводити препарат 1раз кожні 24-48год. і скоротити, таким чином, як загальну дозу препарату в 2-3рази, так і кількість ін’єкцій. Це істотно не тільки з економічних позицій, а й з огляду на зниження алергізації і токсичного впливу антибіотикотерапії.

Objectives: Serum C- Reactive Protein (CRP), Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) and Differential Leukocyte Count (DLC) measurements have been effectively utilized as a diagnostic marker to study infection in many disciplines. However, the usefulness of these is scarce in maxillofacial infections. This study aimed to assess the frequency of raised CRP, TLC and DLC in patients with odontogenic space infections. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, de'Montmorency College of Dentistry, Punjab Dental Hospital, Lahore, over a span of six months i.e., from August 2019 to February 2020. A total of 181 patients (age range from 18 to 70 years) with facial space infection of odontogenic origin only were recruited. Patients suffering from chronic disease like diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure, and pregnant women were excluded. Patient's venous blood samples were collected preoperatively and sent to the hospital laboratory for measurement of CRP, TLC and DLC levels. Descriptive statistics (mean±standard deviation and frequencies) were performed using SPSS version 21. Results: Amongst the 181 participants, the mean age of 44.43 ± 14.68 years were recorded of which 113 (62.43%) were male and 68 (37.57%) were females with male to female ratio 1.7:1. The mean values of CRP were 3.52±1.23 mg/L, TLC were 13670±1890 cells/mm3 and DLC were 8.54±2.39 × 109 /L. Moreover, the frequency of CRP levels was raised in 100%, TLC in 71.82% and DLC in 85.08% patients with odontogenic space infections. Conclusion: This study concluded that raised CRP levels are more indicative of the clinical severity of the infection compared to TLC and DLC. Thus, CRP was found to be an effective biomarker in patients with facial space infection of odontogenic origin

A method is described for handling leucocytes from an inflammatory peritoneal exudate prior to electron microscopy, which allows differential counts from ultra-thin sections to be made. The results of counts from ultrathin sections, viewed on the electron microscope, are compared with samples from the same cell populations prepared on a cytocentrifuge and counted by light microscopy. The results from several cell populations of widely different compositions show clearly that with suitable care taken over preparation and orientation, ultrathin sections can yield comparable differential counts to those obtained by standard light microscope procedures. Possible sources of error are discussed and the advantages of ultrastructural counting assessed. The method has a wide application wherever accurate differential counts are required from cell suspensions processed for electron microscopy.

Differential Leukocyte Count Method for Bovine Low Somatic Cell Count Milk

Lead (Pb) and carbon monoxide (CO) are gas components in airborne pollutants due to vehicle fumes or industrial exhaust gases that affect the blood, namely shortening the life span of erythrocytes produced in erythropoiesis. In addition, small pollutants can be inhaled and enter the alveoli and then phagocytosis and trigger the release of mediators, namely leukocyte cells, which can cause inflammation. This study aims to determine the correlation between the erythrocytes count and differential leucocyte count of the Tambak Mulyo village community, Semarang City. This research was a cross-sectional analytic study of primary data using 20 blood samples, carried out by the erythrocytes count and differential leucocyte count tests. The examination results showed that the average erythrocytes count in all samples was 5.25 million cells/mm3 with a percentage of the normal erythrocytes count is 45.00%, and a high of erythrocytes count is 55.0%. On the test of the differential leucocyte count, 4 samples are obtained with specific values. Normal leukocytes and as many as 16 samples experienced an increase and decrease in the differential leucocyte count. The chi-square test shows Asymp.Sig&gt; 0.05, which means there is no correlation between variables, so it can be concluded that there is no significant correlation between the erythrocytes count and differential leucocyte count (lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes) in the community with exposure to high pollutants in Tambak Mulyo village, Semarang City.

There is increasing evidence that leukocytes play a central role in obesity, glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases, but the role of differential leukocytes in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and atherosclerosis is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the component features of MetS and peripheral leukocyte counts and to explore whether leukocyte counts are associated with clustering of MetS and macrovascular diseases in patients with T2DM. 1872 subjects with T2DM who enrolled in a diabetes disease management program were studied. The definition of MetS was modified from that outlined by the criteria of NCEP-ATP III. Areas under the receiver-operating characteristic curve and odds ratios at various intervals of the WBC counts were computed. The peripheral total leukocyte, monocyte, and neutrophil cell counts are increased parallel to the clustering of components of MetS. When white cell counts were analyzed per quartile and as continuous variables after adjustment for age, sex, and other known risk factors with multiple regression analysis, peripheral total leukocyte, monocyte, neutrophils, and lymphocyte counts were independently and significantly associated with specific features of clustering of MetS and prevalence of ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Leukocyte counts, especially neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, in addition with MetS is associated with the risk of ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Our results indicate that differential leukocyte counts are associated with MetS and that peripheral leukocytes may play a role in the pathogenesis of macrovascular complications in patients with T2DM.

The aim of this study was to investigate alterations in the leukocyte and differential leukocyte counts in different trimesters of pregnancy and the initial postpartum period. The study population consisted of 40,325 pregnant women. A full blood count and automated differential leukocyte count were performed and all the haemogram results in the different trimesters of pregnancy were recorded. Percentiles were calculated using statistical software. A total of 82,786 complete blood count evaluations were performed in 40,325 subjects from the 6th to 41st week of pregnancy and in the initial postpartum period. The leukocyte counts increased from the 1st to the 3rd trimester and peaked in the initial postpartum period. Our reference values for the total and differential leukocyte counts may assist clinicians in distinguishing between leukocytosis and pathological elevation of the white blood cell count during pregnancy and the initial postpartum period.Impact statementPregnancy requires profound adaptation by multiple systems to accommodate the demands of the developing foetus.Similar to all other systems, many haematological changes occur during pregnancy.Studies of normal variation in leukocyte counts were insufficient to distinguish normal from abnormal leukocyte counts during pregnancy and in the initial postpartum period, due to small numbers of patients and a lack of differential leukocyte counts.Without reference leukocyte levels, infections may be more difficult to assess during pregnancy and in the postpartum period.In this study, we report the 3rd, 5th, 10th, 50th, 95th and 99th percentile values for the total and differential leukocyte counts according to trimester in normal pregnancy and the initial postpartum period.Our reference values for the total and differential leukocyte counts in each trimester and the initial postpartum period may assist clinicians in distinguishing between normal leukocytosis and pathological elevation of the white blood cell count during pregnancy and the initial postpartum period.Our results may prevent misdiagnosis of physiological elevated leukocytes as bacterial infection that leads to unnecessary medication use that may compromise the foetus.

Roughly 40% of East Asians have inactive aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) encoded by the ALDH2*2 allele, and 90% have highly active alcohol dehydrogenase-1B (ADH1B) encoded by the ADH1B*2 allele. Macrocytosis and macrocytic anemia in alcoholics have been associated with ADH1B and ALDH2gene variants which increase acetaldehyde (AcH) levels. We investigated the relationship between ADH1B*2, ALDH2*2, and leukocyte counts of Japanese alcoholic men (N=1,661). After adjusting for age, drinking habits, smoking habits, body mass index, presence of liver cirrhosis, and serum levels of C-reactive protein, we found that total and differential leukocyte counts were lower in the presence of the ALDH2*1/*2 genotype (vs. ALDH2*1/*1 genotype). ALDH2*2/*2 carriers were not found in our study population. Leukocyte, granulocyte, and monocyte counts were also lower in the presence of ADH1B*2 (vs. ADH1B*1/*1 genotype), but the lymphocyte count was higher. The ALDH2*1/*2 genotype was associated with leukocytopenia (<4,000/μl; adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]=1.89 [1.27 to 2.80]), granulocytopenia (<2,000/μl; 1.86 [1.22 to 2.82]), monocytopenia (<250/μl; 2.22 [1.49 to 3.29]), and lymphocytopenia (<1,000/μl; 1.93 [1.32 to 2.83]). In contrast, the ADH1B*2 had the opposite effect on lymphocytopenia (0.65 [0.46 to 0.93]). Considering genotype effects under conditions of immune stimulation, we observed suppressive effects of ADH1B*2 allele on leukocytosis (≥9,000/μl; 0.69 [0.50 to 0.97]), granulocytosis (≥6,500/μl; 0.66 [0.47 to 0.93]), and monocytosis (≥750/μl; 0.56 [0.39 to 0.79]). The ADH1B*2 plus ALDH2*1/*2 combination had the greatest suppressive effects on the leukocyte, granulocyte, and monocyte counts. The total and differential blood leukocyte counts of Japanese alcoholics were strongly affected by their ADH1B and ALDH2 gene variants. High AcH exposure levels probably play a critical role in the suppression of blood leukocyte counts in alcoholics.