Hanbury Brown and Twiss-type optical secret sharing

Abstract

Towards growing challenges of information security and authentication, various optical techniques based on holography, diffraction, interference, metasurfaces, etc., deliver promising solutions with low energy consumption and parallel high-speed information processing. Here, we report on a new dimension–second-order coherence found in the well-known Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) effect–for performing optical authentication and secret sharing. We develop a method to generate a pair of correlated phase-only masks, each of which is distributed to a shareholder and can produce a specific pattern as authentication under coherent illumination, while two secret images are encrypted in the mutual information of two masks. By combining two masks in two configurations, two secret images can be extracted through spatially cascaded display under coherent illumination and intensity correlation under incoherent illumination, respectively. Conspicuously, two extremes of coherence–spatially coherent or incoherent–will enable the encoding and decoding of two different images with the same phase masks, indicating that the first-order and second-order coherence can be two independent channels for optical cryptography just like other degrees of freedom of light (e.g., polarization). Moreover, we demonstrate a polarization-multiplexing scheme to achieve polarization-selective HBT-type optically secret-sharing with increased capacity, and this type of polarization-phase masks can be readily replaced with metasurfaces.