Halal Supply Chain Traceability and Food Safety Model Based on Blockchain Technology and the Internet of Things Using a System Dynamics Approach

Abstract. Many people currently need help guaranteeing food products. Halal assurance and food safety are examples of the issues addressed. Many cases occur in the food world, such as poisoning, product contamination, and non-halal products for Muslims, giving rise to traceability activities. Blockchain technology and the internet of things are one way to solve the problem of halal supply chain traceability and food safety. With abundant literature in recent years, blockchain and the internet of things have become significant concerns for researchers worldwide. The author tries to show the structure, scope, research trends, and influence of blockchain and the internet of things in halal supply chain traceability and food safety by analyzing existing studies. The study finds that researchers primarily focus on the possibility of blockchain and the internet of things becoming dominant technologies in increasing trust among stakeholders in the food supply chain.

Halal supply chain traceability and food safety are critical issues in the food industry, especially in Indonesia, which has the largest Muslim population in the world. This study aims to develop a halal supply chain traceability and food safety model based on Blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT) that can improve transparency, efficiency, consumer trust in food products, and support sustainable development. This study proposes a conceptual framework for a halal supply chain traceability and food safety model based on Blockchain and IoT technologies. This model is expected to help Indonesia address issues related to halal assurance and food safety.

In today's scenario, blockchain technology is an emerging area and promising technology in the field of the food supply chain industry (FSCI). A literature survey comprising an analytical review of blockchain technology with the Internet of things (IoT) for food supply chain management (FSCM) is presented to better understand the associated research benefits, issues, and challenges. At present, with the concept of farm-to-fork gaining increasing popularity, food safety and quality certification are of critical concern. Blockchain technology provides the traceability of food supply from the source, i.e., the seeding factories, to the customer's table. The main idea of this paper is to identify blockchain technology with the Internet of things (IoT) devices to investigate the food conditions and various issues faced by transporters while supplying fresh food. Blockchain provides applications such as smart contracts to monitor, observe, and manage all transactions and communications among stakeholders. IoT technology provides approaches for verifying all transactions; these transactions are recorded and then stored in a centralized database system. Thus, IoT enables a safe and cost-effective FSCM system for stakeholders. In this paper, we contribute to the awareness of blockchain applications that are relevant to the food supply chain (FSC), and we present an analysis of the literature on relevant blockchain applications which has been conducted concerning various parameters. The observations in the present survey are also relevant to the application of blockchain technology with IoT in other areas.

Today’s food supply chain is incredibly complex and imposes enormous challenges across the Globe. Products are transported through multimodal transportation internationally, comprising of combination of ship, rail, truck and flight modes etc. The supply chain under multistage network poses more quality related issues. Hence, blockchain technology helps to enhance food safety and quality in the logistics process. This, when coupled with the existing traceability system can create more agile value chain and closer customer relationship across regions. Though, Thailand is a leading food exporter, it lacks in implementation of blockchain technology. The objective of this study is to analyse the impact of blockchain technology adoption for safe food supply chain management through System Dynamics (SD) approach from management perspectives in Thailand. The preliminary survey and discussion were carried out with the participants from food expert firms, and causal loop diagrams and stock and flow diagrams were developed and validated. The trade-off, challenges and opportunities of applying block chain technology on the global food value supply chain has been discussed throughout the system dynamics model. The major contribution of this work is in providing insight into some of the main dimensions of block chain technology and its implications for global food value chain performance improvements.

With the growth of computing and communication technologies, the information processing paradigm of the healthcare environment is evolving. The patient information is stored electronically, making it convenient to store and retrieve patient information remotely when needed. However, evolving the healthcare systems into smart healthcare environments comes with challenges and additional pressures. Internet of Things (IoT) connects things, such as computing devices, through wired or wireless mediums to form a network. There are numerous security vulnerabilities and risks in the existing IoT-based systems due to the lack of intrinsic security technologies. For example, patient medical data, data privacy, data sharing, and convenience are considered imperative for collecting and storing electronic health records (EHR). However, the traditional IoT-based EHR systems cannot deal with these paradigms because of inconsistent security policies and data access structures. Blockchain (BC) technology is a decentralized and distributed ledger that comes in handy in storing patient data and encountering data integrity and confidentiality challenges. Therefore, it is a viable solution for addressing existing IoT data security and privacy challenges. BC paves a tremendous path to revolutionize traditional IoT systems by enhancing data security, privacy, and transparency. The scientific community has shown a variety of healthcare applications based on artificial intelligence (AI) that improve health diagnosis and monitoring practices. Moreover, technology companies and startups are revolutionizing healthcare with AI and related technologies. This study illustrates the implication of integrated technologies based on BC, IoT, and AI to meet growing healthcare challenges. This research study examines the integration of BC technology with IoT and analyzes the advancements of these innovative paradigms in the healthcare sector. In addition, our research study presents a detailed survey on enabling technologies for the futuristic, intelligent, and secure internet of health things (IoHT). Furthermore, this study comprehensively studies the peculiarities of the IoHT environment and the security, performance, and progression of the enabling technologies. First, the research gaps are identified by mapping security and performance benefits inferred by the BC technologies. Secondly, practical issues related to the integration process of BC and IoT devices are discussed. Third, the healthcare applications integrating IoT, BC, and ML in healthcare environments are discussed. Finally, the research gaps, future directions, and limitations of the enabling technologies are discussed.

This Chapter covers three interdisciplinary, observable, and rapidly developing areas of research, namely the Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, the blockchain (BC) technologies (BCT), and cybersecurity management for the IoT. The chapter is organized as follows: after a short introduction, the IoT technologies are discussed, including the IoT concept and definitions, generalized IoT architecture and reference model proposed, and the IoT standardization issues. The second part of the Chapter is devoted to the BCT and their application areas, as well as to a BC glossary worked by the authors and the list of standards for the BCT. On this basis, two main directions of applying the BCT to the IoT are represented, namely for designing BC-based secure IoT infrastructure and BC-based system for managing cybersecurity in the IoT. Final discussion and future research areas conclude the Chapter.

This review investigates the integration of advanced digital technologies and sustainable pest management strategies to enhance halal supply chain integrity and food safety. Emphasizing the critical importance of halal compliance for Muslim consumers, the paper examines challenges in maintaining traceability and preventing contamination within complex supply chains. Key digital innovations such as blockchain technology, Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and emerging platforms like the metaverse are discussed for their roles in ensuring transparency, data integrity, and real-time monitoring. Concurrently, sustainable pest management approaches including biological control agents, integrated pest management (IPM), and data-driven monitoring systems are reviewed for their effectiveness against invasive pests impacting halal food sources. The synthesis highlights synergies between technological solutions and sustainable practices that collectively improve compliance, risk assessment, and consumer trust. Implementation challenges, particularly for small and medium enterprises and institutional barriers are identified, guiding future research directions focusing on technological scalability, regulatory readiness, ecological efficacy of pest control agents and consumer engagement. Overall, the review underscores the potential of combining digital innovations with sustainable pest management to fortify halal supply chains and promotes multidisciplinary efforts to address existing gaps.

In the past few months we increasingly read and discussed about blockchain technologies, especially in conjunction with the Internet of Things. Among other things, we thereby asked the following questions: Why exactly do we need blockchain technologies? Which existing services can be improved with blockchain technologies and what are the limitations of blockchain technologies? Where does the blockchain fit in the Internet of Things technology stack? We set out to write this paper, and try to answer these questions by using the Internet of Postal Things as case study. Our focus is the smart mailbox, a general purpose mailbox, that can be shared, monitored, and monetized using Internet of Things and blockchain technologies. Blockchain technologies provide a distributed shared ledger in a heterogeneous environment and thus the link in the Internet of Things technology stack for proof and trust. However, blockchain technologies are not to render existing database and security solutions irrelevant. As we understand, blockchain technologies are another step, albeit a crucial one, in an ever more decentralized and democratic Internet of People and Things.

Introduction to the Special Issue on Evolving IoT and Cyber-Physical Systems: Advancements, Applications, and Solutions

Recently, Halal food has drawn remarkable attention of many consumers around the world. Besides to being unsafe, Halal food such as meat can encounter several issues throughout its supply chain and logistics. At any time, Halal integrity is not guaranteed and risks of becoming non-Halal is the major concern of all parties along the supply chain. To respond to Muslim consumers’ trust concerns in Halal food, many traceability systems were proposed in previous studies based on emerging technologies and recommended to be incorporated into Halal food supply chains. Nevertheless, all of these systems are centralized, opaque and not enough transparent. To mitigate these problems, blockchain technology is introduced as a ground-breaking innovation with greater decentralization, visibility and transparency. This paper makes a major contribution in suggesting Halal meat supply chain traceability system for real-time food tracing based on embedding Islamic dietary law into HACCP, blockchain and Internet of Things.

Blockchain: a framework for membership and access

Chapter 17 - Internet of things in food industry

Internet of Things (IoT) technology is digitizing the physical world by connecting enormous and heterogeneous devices and unleashing great economic benefit. However, data privacy, security and trust issues in current solutions are seriously limiting the adoption of IoT applications. Blockchain, a decentralized and tamperresistant ledger, maintains consistent and immutable blocks of data at different servers and has the potential to tackle the security concerns in IoT applications. Inherent features in IoT, such as the massive IoT devices, heterogeneous IoT networks, limited battery, low computing power and communication bandwidth, make it hard to directly adopt blockchain technology in IoT application. This chapter presents a comprehensive survey on existing blockchain and IoT technologies and emphasizes on the challenges and limitation. Current studies, projects and designs on Blockchain-IoT systems are introduced and compared to illustrate the feasibility of the integration of blockchain and IoT. Blockchain technologies that can potentially address the critical challenges in IoT applications and suit the features of the same are identified with potential adaptations and enhancements elaborated on blockchain data structures, key blockchain technologies and consensus protocols. Future research directions of blockchain are collated for effective adoption in IoT applications.

In an increasingly interconnected world, ensuring the safety of the global food supply has emerged as a paramount concern. With foodborne illnesses affecting millions annually and international trade in food products reaching unprecedented levels, the need for robust food safety standards has never been more pressing. This abstract explores the vital role of international collaboration and policy harmonization in enhancing global food safety standards, with a focus on the mechanisms, challenges, and potential solutions involved. At the heart of global food safety efforts lie collaborative endeavors among nations facilitated by international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the Codex Alimentarius Commission. These entities serve as platforms for harmonizing food safety regulations by developing science-based standards, guidelines, and codes of practice. Through regular consultations, expert committees, and consensus-building processes, these organizations foster agreement on key principles and practices governing food safety across diverse national contexts. However, achieving harmonization in food safety policies poses significant challenges. Divergent regulatory frameworks, varying levels of institutional capacity, and disparities in resources among countries can impede efforts to establish uniform standards. Moreover, geopolitical tensions and trade disputes may hinder cooperation, leading to fragmentation in global food safety governance. Addressing these challenges requires concerted efforts to build trust, enhance communication, and promote transparency among stakeholders. Technological innovations offer promising avenues for overcoming barriers to international collaboration and policy harmonization in food safety. Blockchain technology, for instance, enables transparent and tamper-proof recording of food supply chain data, enhancing traceability and accountability. Internet of Things (IoT) devices provide real-time monitoring of food storage and transportation conditions, helping to prevent contamination and spoilage. Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms analyze vast datasets to identify emerging food safety risks and inform regulatory decision-making. By leveraging these technologies, countries can strengthen their capacity to implement harmonized food safety standards and improve compliance with international regulations. Furthermore, public-private partnerships play a crucial role in advancing global food safety initiatives. Collaboration between governments, industry stakeholders, academia, and civil society organizations facilitates knowledge sharing, capacity building, and resource mobilization. By pooling expertise and resources, these partnerships enable more effective surveillance, response, and mitigation of food safety risks on a global scale. Moreover, they promote information exchange and best practice dissemination, fostering a culture of continuous improvement in food safety management. Policy harmonization efforts must also embrace risk-based approaches to prioritize interventions and allocate resources effectively. By identifying and assessing food safety hazards based on their likelihood and severity, countries can tailor their regulatory measures to address the most significant risks. Moreover, regular monitoring, evaluation, and review of food safety policies are essential to ensure their relevance, effectiveness, and adaptability in the face of evolving threats and challenges. Enhancing global food safety standards requires sustained international collaboration and policy harmonization. By fostering consensus, leveraging technology, and fostering partnerships, the international community can strengthen the resilience of the global food system, protect public health, and promote equitable access to safe and nutritious food for all.

Unlock the potential: Unveiling the untapped possibilities of blockchain technology in revolutionizing Internet of medical things-based environments through systematic review and future research propositions