Abstract
“Reception” is a strange idea in relation to the story of Hagar and Ishmael. To receive is to welcome, but the story of Hagar and Ishmael is about expulsion, not welcome. This essay examines both the biblical story and the “afterlives” of Hagar and Ishmael as they have been “received” in various contexts, including African-American literature and art, war-torn Europe, and Iraq.
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