Abstract
High specific surface area (SSABET: 141.6 m2/g) SnO2 nanoparticles doped with 0.2–3 wt% Ru were successfully produced in a single step by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP). The phase and crystallite size were analyzed by XRD. The specific surface area (SSABET) of the nanoparticles was measured by nitrogen adsorption (BET analysis). As the Ru concentration increased, the SSABET was found to linearly decrease, while the average BET-equivalent particle diameter (dBET) increased. FSP yielded small Ru particles attached to the surface of the supporting SnO2 nanoparticles, indicating a high SSABET. The morphology and accurate size of the primary particles were further investigated by TEM. The crystallite sizes of the spherical, hexagonal, and rectangular SnO2 particles were in the range of 3–10 nm. SnO2 nanorods were found to range from 3–5 nm in width and 5–20 nm in length. Sensing films were prepared by the spin coating technique. The gas sensing of H2 (500–10,000 ppm) was studied at the operating temperatures ranging from 200–350 °C in presence of dry air. After the sensing tests, the morphology and the cross-section of sensing film were analyzed by SEM and EDS analyses. The 0.2%Ru-dispersed on SnO2 sensing film showed the highest sensitivity and a very fast response time (6 s) compared to a pure SnO2 sensing film, with a highest H2 concentration of 1 vol% at 350 °C and a low H2 detection limit of 500 ppm at 200 °C.
Highlights
SnO2 is one of the most promising materials for sensors and it has attracted the attention of scientists interested in gas sensing applications under atmospheric conditions
The diameter of particles were calculated from dBET = 6/SSABET x ρsample, where SSABET is the specific surface area (m2/g), ρsamples are the average density of SnO2 and the density of ruthenium
flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) was successfully performed for the synthesis of pristine SnO2 and 0.2–3 wt% Ru/SnO2 nanopowders for a H2 gas sensing application
Summary
SnO2 is one of the most promising materials for sensors and it has attracted the attention of scientists interested in gas sensing applications under atmospheric conditions. Semiconducting metal oxides in general, and SnO2 in particular, have been investigated extensively for the purpose of practical applications such as gas leak detecting and environmental monitoring. The FSP is a very promising technique for sensor material fabrication since it enables primary particle and crystal size control [21,22,23,24], which are important to improve the sensitivity, as well as the controlled in situ deposition of noble metal clusters [2]. FSP for a new production of Ru/SnO2 nanoparticles for use as H2 gas sensor
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