Abstract
Although the anti-obesity effect of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) has been revealed, its underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood. Here, we demonstrate an involvement of gut microbiome in the inhibitory effect of Korean red ginseng on high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced mouse obesity, and further provides information on the effects of saponin-containing red ginseng extract (SGE) and saponin-depleted red ginseng extract (GE). Mice were fed with either SGE or GE every third day for one month, and their food intakes, fat weights, plasma glucose, and insulin and leptin levels were measured. Immunofluorescence assays were conducted to measure pancreatic islet size. Stools from the mice were subjected to metagenomic analysis. Both SGE and GE attenuated HFD-induced gain of body weight, reducing HFD-induced increase of food intakes and fat weights. They also reduced HFD-increased plasma glucose, insulin, and leptin levels, decreased both fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations, and improved both insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Immunofluorescence assays revealed that they blocked HFD-induced increase of pancreatic islet size. Our pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3 region from stools revealed that both SGE and GE modulated HFD-altered composition of gut microbiota. Therefore, we conclude that Korean red ginseng inhibits HFD-induced obesity and diabetes by altering gut microbiome.
Highlights
Published: 12 March 2021Obesity, from which over 70% of the adults in the world suffer, is, in a simple interpretation, an excessive gain of body weight; but it is not simple because of its risk for diseases such as heart disease, cancer and metabolic syndrome [1,2,3,4,5]
Recent research has investigated the requirement of saponins for its function in obesity and diabetes [47,48], it is still unclear whether Korean red ginseng extract not containing saponins has the same role or
Our test was designed to feed mice with normal and high-fat diet (HFD) or norKorean red ginseng extract is revealed to ginseng prevent extract obesity(saponin-containing and diabetes in rodent mal diet (Normal) for 70 days
Summary
From which over 70% of the adults in the world suffer, is, in a simple interpretation, an excessive gain of body weight; but it is not simple because of its risk for diseases such as heart disease, cancer and metabolic syndrome [1,2,3,4,5]. Prebiotic and probiotic alterations of gut microbiome compositions are hypothesized to therapeutically reverse malfunctions, especially in terms of metabolism [18,19,20,21,22,23]. Compositional alteration of the gut microbiome is crucial for obesity as well as diabetes [25,26,27,28,29,30]. It has been revealed that a high-fat diet (HFD) alters the composition of the gut microbiome prior to obesity, indicating that gut microbiome derives obesity [31]
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