Abstract
Indonesia is a developing country facing the national problem of the growing obesity and diabetes in its population due to recent drastic dietary and lifestyle changes. To understand the link between the gut microbiome, diet, and health of Indonesian people, fecal microbiomes and metabolomes of 75 Indonesian adults in Yogyakarta City, including obese people (n = 21), type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients (n = 25), and the controls (n = 29) were characterized together with their dietary and medical records. Variations of microbiomes showed a triangular distribution in the principal component analysis, driven by three dominant bacterial genera, namely Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Romboutsia. The Romboutsia-driven microbiome, characterized by low bacterial diversity and high primary bile acids, was associated with fat-driven obesity. The Bacteroides-driven microbiome, which counteracted Prevotella but was associated with Ruminococcaceae concomitantly increased with high-carbohydrate diets, showed positive correlation with T2D indices but negative correlation with body mass index. Notably, Bacteroides fragilis was increased in T2D patients with a decrease in fecal conjugated bile acids, particularly tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonist with anti-diabetic activity, while these features disappeared in patients administered metformin. These results indicate that the gut microbiome status of Indonesian adults is differently associated with obesity and T2D under their varied dietary habits.
Highlights
The Asian microbiome project (AMP) was established in 2009 with the aim of investigating the links between different traditional diets, gut microbiome, and health. far, the AMP has conducted three phases of research in 10 countries [1,2,3]
All subjects were grouped into two sets of dependent subjects by using characteristic criteria of Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) to classify the set of non-type 2 diabetes (T2D) and T2D groups, and BMI
Age significantly differed between the T2D and non-T2D groups, and it was adjusted in later statistical analyses to investigate the correlation between the microbiome and T2D
Summary
These outcomes suggest that modernization occurring in Asian countries is remodeling the gut microbiome of Asians with dietary changes. A question arises as to how the remodeled gut microbiome affects the health of Asian people To answer this question, the AMP phase IV is conducted with the aim of focusing on obesity and diabetes as lifestyle diseases, most probably sensitized by dietary change. Since gut microbes interact with host immune and hormonal systems via cell components or metabolites, alterations of the gut microbiome and its function may be crucially involved in metabolic disorders, such as obesity and T2D [4,5] To address this notion, many studies have attempted to identify microbiome features associated with the development of these diseases. The gut microbiome of obese individuals mostly expressed low bacterial diversity reflecting the gut dysbiosis [6,7], T2D individuals showed variable results [8,9] suggesting external complex factors, including drug intake, host genetic factors, and their surrounding environmental factors, including changing dietary habits [9,10]
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