Abstract
Climate change mitigation is one of the most critical challenges of this century. The unprecedented global effects of climate change are wide-ranging, including changing weather patterns that threaten food production, increased risk of catastrophic floods, and rising sea levels. Adapting to these impacts will be more difficult and costly in the future if radical changes are not made now. This review paper evaluates the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries’ potential for solar and wind energy resources to meet climate change mitigation requirements and assesses the ability of the GCC region to shift towards low-carbon technologies. The review demonstrates that the GCC region is characterized by abundant solar energy resources. The northwestern, southeastern, and western mountains of the region are highlighted as locations for solar energy application. Oman displays the highest onshore wind speed range, 3–6.3 m s⁻1, and has the highest annual solar radiation of up to 2500 kWh/m2. Kuwait has the second highest onshore wind speed range of 4.5–5.5 m s⁻1. The western mountains and northwestern Saudi Arabia have a wind speed range of 3–6 m s⁻1. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has the second highest annual solar radiation, 2285 kWh/m2, while Saudi Arabia and the state of Kuwait have equal annual solar radiation at 2200 kWh/m2. This review demonstrates that abundant offshore wind energy resources were observed along the coastal areas of the Arabian Gulf, as well as a potential opportunity for wind energy resource development in the Red Sea, which was characterized by high performance. In addition, the GCC countries will not be able to control and address the interrelated issues of climate change in the future if they do not eliminate fossil fuel consumption, adhere to the Paris Agreement, and implement plans to utilize their natural resources to meet these challenges.
Highlights
In the 21st century, the shift in global energy networks to low-carbon technologies is considered a significant challenge [1]
This review demonstrates that abundant offshore wind energy resources were observed along the coastal areas of the Arabian Gulf, as well as a potential opportunity for wind energy resource development in the Red Sea, which was characterized by high performance
Lilliestam and Patt [9] believe that the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region has huge fossil fuel sources and enormous solar and wind energy potential, and the delay in implementing renewable energy is due to bureaucratic reasons
Summary
In the 21st century, the shift in global energy networks to low-carbon technologies is considered a significant challenge [1]. President Donald Trump scaled back measures to curtail greenhouse gas EU recorded a 9% global share of CO2 emissions, representing a reduction of 20% since emissions and withdrew the nation from the Paris Agreement. Russia recorded a 5% global share of CO2 emissions in and coal consumption are rising rapidly, India is emerging as a competitor in sustainable. 2% global share each of CO2 emissions for Iran, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, and Canada, shareJapan each ofwas. This paper is composed of the following eight main sections: Section 2 describes the GCC’s consumption growth; Section 3 discusses the GCC region’s geographical factors; Section 4 presents the GCC’s potential solar and wind energy resources, as well as the effects of dust and clouds; Section 5 discusses solar and wind energy power generation; Section 6 discusses climate justice; Section 7 provides an overall discussion; Section 8 contains the conclusions
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