Guest Editorial: NSW food and nutrition monitoring project

Pérdidas laborales atribuibles a la mortalidad prematura por lesiones de tránsito entre 2002 y 2012

Amid efforts in the US to promote health equity, there is a need to assess recent progress in reducing excess deaths and years of potential life lost among the Black population compared with the White population. To evaluate trends in excess mortality and years of potential life lost among the Black population compared with the White population. Serial cross-sectional study using US national data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 1999 through 2020. We included data from non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black populations across all age groups. Race as documented in the death certificates. Excess age-adjusted all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, age-specific mortality, and years of potential life lost rates (per 100 000 individuals) among the Black population compared with the White population. From 1999 to 2011, the age-adjusted excess mortality rate declined from 404 to 211 excess deaths per 100 000 individuals among Black males (P for trend <.001). However, the rate plateaued from 2011 through 2019 (P for trend = .98) and increased in 2020 to 395-rates not seen since 2000. Among Black females, the rate declined from 224 excess deaths per 100 000 individuals in 1999 to 87 in 2015 (P for trend <.001). There was no significant change between 2016 and 2019 (P for trend = .71) and in 2020 rates increased to 192-levels not seen since 2005. The trends in rates of excess years of potential life lost followed a similar pattern. From 1999 to 2020, the disproportionately higher mortality rates in Black males and females resulted in 997 623 and 628 464 excess deaths, respectively, representing a loss of more than 80 million years of life. Heart disease had the highest excess mortality rates, and the excess years of potential life lost rates were largest among infants and middle-aged adults. Over a recent 22-year period, the Black population in the US experienced more than 1.63 million excess deaths and more than 80 million excess years of life lost when compared with the White population. After a period of progress in reducing disparities, improvements stalled, and differences between the Black population and the White population worsened in 2020.

Potential Years of Life Lost Due to Urogenital Cancer in the United States: Trends From 1972 to 2006 Based on Data From the SEER Database

BackgroundAsian‐American subgroups (Asian‐Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, and Vietnamese) display varied cardiovascular disease mortality patterns, especially at younger ages. This study aims to examine the years of potential life lost because of ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease among the 6 largest Asian‐American subgroups compared with non‐Hispanic whites.Methods and ResultsWe used National Center for Health Statistics Multiple Causes of Death mortality files from 2003 to 2012 to calculate race‐specific life expectancy, mean years of potential life lost, and years of potential life lost per 100 000 population for each Asian subgroup and non‐Hispanic whites. Asian‐American subgroups display heterogeneity in cardiovascular disease burden. Asian‐Indians had a high burden of ischemic heart disease; Asian‐Indian men lost 724 years per 100 000 population in 2012 and a mean of 17 years to ischemic heart disease. Respectively, Vietnamese and Filipino men and women lost a mean of 17 and 16 years of life to cerebrovascular disease; Filipino men lost 352 years per 100 000 population in 2012. All Asian subgroups for both sexes had higher years of life lost to cerebrovascular disease compared with non‐Hispanic whites.ConclusionsCardiovascular disease burden varies among Asian subgroups, and contributes to greater premature mortality in certain subgroups. Asian‐Indian and Filipino populations have the highest years of life lost because of ischemic heart disease and Filipino and Vietnamese have the highest years of life lost because of cerebrovascular disease. Analysis of risk factors and development of subgroup‐specific interventions are required to address these health disparities.

The authors of this Comment note recent trends rigidifying the enforcement of building and safety codes for health care facilities and compare the estimated costs (in terms of dollars spent) of those trends with their anticipated benefits (in terms of potential years of human life saved). They estimate that for each potential year of life saved, strict enforcement of the Life Safety Code of the National Fire Protection Association would cost $12.7 to $63.5 million for hospitals and $1.1 to $2.6 million for nursing homes, the latter figure based on Massachusett's experience. These figures are contrasted to the cost of routine kidney dialysis, which is generally acknowledged to be an extremely expensive technology, costing approximately $20,000 per potential year of life saved. The authors suggest that even if strict enforcement of the Code were fully effective (which, given the current structure of the Code, seems doubtful), a portion of the substantial financial resources expended from our limited national health care budget in hewing to the letter of the Code might be better spent on other activities with greater potential yield in improving the quality of life for patients in hospitals and nursing homes.

CALCULATING CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK: A DISEASE SIMULATION MODEL TO ESTIMATE THE LIFETIME RISK OF COMPLICATIONS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE AND DIABETES

Social class gradients in years of potential life lost in Switzerland

ObjectivesThis study aims to compare the burden of excess mortality and years of potential life lost by cause of death and geography for minority groups to inform targeted policy development.DesignPopulation-based study using information from the National Administrative Department of Statistics.SettingNational and subnational level (departments, urban and rural areas).ParticipantsIndividuals of all age groups classified as Indigenous, Romani, Raizal, Afro-Colombian and Mestizo in Colombia between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2022.Primary and secondary outcome measuresExcess mortality and years of potential life lost were calculated for all ethnic-racial groups by cause of death and subnational level expressed per 100 000 population.ResultsOur study included 1 420 258 total deaths and we observed significant variation across ethnic-racial groups. Excess mortality and years of potential life lost were most pronounced in Raizal (total of 145 more deaths and 11 769 more years of life lost per 100 000 population) and Romani (total of 7059 more deaths and 85 832 more years of life lost per 100 000 population) populations, when compared with Mestizo populations. Higher mortality rates were driven by suicide, pregnancy, childbirth and accidents.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that Colombia requires effective strategies to address the unique challenges causing these disparities, ranging from improving access to health services and addressing broader social determinants of health.

External causes continue to be one of the main causes of mortality in the world and Cabo Verde is no exception. Economic evaluations can be used to demonstrate the disease burden of public health problems such as injuries and external causes and support prioritization of interventions aimed at improving the health of the population. The objective of this study was to estimate the indirect costs of premature mortality in 2018 due to injuries and other consequences of external causes in Cabo Verde. Years of potential life lost, years of potential productive life lost and human capital approach were used to estimate the burden and indirect costs of premature mortality. In 2018, 244 deaths were registered due to injury and other consequences of external causes. Males were responsible for 85.4% and 87.73% of years of potential life lost and years of potential productive life lost, respectively. The cost of productivity lost due to premature death caused by injury was 4,580,225.91 USD. The social and economic burden due to trauma was substantial. There is a need for more evidence on the burden of disease due to injuries and their consequences, to support the implementation of targeted multi-sectoral strategies and policies for the prevention, management, and reduction of costs due to injuries in Cabo Verde.

External causes continue to be one of the main causes of mortality in the world and Cabo Verde is no exception. Economic evaluations can be used to demonstrate the disease burden of public health problems such as injuries and external causes and support prioritization of interventions aimed at improving the health of the population. The objective of this study was to estimate the indirect costs of premature mortality in 2018 due to injuries and other consequences of external causes in Cabo Verde. Years of potential life lost, years of potential productive life lost and human capital approach were used to estimate the burden and indirect costs of premature mortality. In 2018, 244 deaths were registered due to injury and other consequences of external causes. Males were responsible for 85.4% and 87.73% of years of potential life lost and years of potential productive life lost, respectively. The cost of productivity lost due to premature death caused by injury was 4,580,225.91 USD. The social and economic burden due to trauma was substantial. There is a need for more evidence on the burden of disease due to injuries and their consequences, to support the implementation of targeted multi-sectoral strategies and policies for the prevention, management, and reduction of costs due to injuries in Cabo Verde.

Cancer Risk Factors Among Adults with Serious Mental Illness

Deaths by external causes represent one of the most important challenges for public health and are the second cause of death in Brazil. The aim of this study was to analyze differentials in mortality by external causes according to race/skin color. A descriptive study was carried out in Salvador, Northeastern Brazil, using 9,626 cases of deaths by external causes between 1998 and 2003. Data were obtained from the Forensic Medicine Institute and from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics). The indicator 'potential years of life lost' was utilized to identify the existence of differences among age groups, sex groups and race/skin color groups. Deaths by external causes provoked the loss of 339,220 potential years of life, of which 210,000 were due to homicides. Nonwhite individuals died at earlier ages and lost 12.2 times as much potential years of life due to deaths by homicidies than white individuals. Although the nonwhite (black and mixed) population was three times larger than the white population, its number of potential years of life lost was 30 times higher. The population of blacks was 11.4 % smaller than the white population, but its loss of potential years of life was almost three times higher. Even after the adjustment for age, the differences observed in the indicator potential years of life lost/100,000 inhabitants and in the ratios between strata according to race/skin color were maintained. The results showed differentials in mortality by external causes according to race/skin color in Salvador. The nonwhite population had greater loss of potential years of life, higher average number of years not lived and, on average, they died at an earlier age due to homicides, traffic accidents an all other external causes.

ObjectiveTo describe trends in the burden of mortality due to subtypes of heart disease from 1999 to 2018 to inform targeted prevention strategies and reduce disparities.DesignSerial cross sectional analysis of...

This study estimates the years of potential life lost (YPLL), years of potential productive life lost (YPPLL), and cost of productivity loss (CPL) owing to injury-related mortalities in Mongolia. By implementing a retrospective cohort study, the study used secondary mortality data for Mongolia from 2016 to 2020 from the Health Development Center. Our study incorporates information on 13 551 fatalities from injuries and external factors, with the aim of estimating YPLL, YPPLL, and CPL associated with the leading causes injury-induced deaths. These include exposure to toxic substances, road accidents, homicides, suicides, and falls. Our findings reveal majority of the losses occur because of exposure to poisonous chemicals, road accidents, suicides, falls, and homicides. Furthermore, 444 550 years of potential life are lost owing to injury-related mortalities, in which YPPLL accounts for 338 482 years. The CPL caused by these premature deaths during the study period accounts for $1.368 billion. Notably, YPLL, YPPLL, and CPL rates are significantly higher in males than in females. The YPLL from exposure to poisonous chemicals is higher than those caused by other factors. This study is the first to calculate the CPL owing to YPLL from injury in Mongolia.

"In the late forties Hersch (1944) and Mentha (1948) introduced, respectively, the concepts of 'potential years of life' (PYL) and 'potential years of life lost' (PYLL).... Our objectives are: (a) to draw attention to Hersch's concept of potential years of life (PYL) and to illustrate its usefulness; (b) to define and illustrate three different manners of computing PYLL and to recommend one that is simple, intuitively acceptable and reasonably accurate; (c) to propose some further indicators that can be derived from PYL, PYLL and the relations between them; and (d) to discuss briefly the assumptions underlying the calculation of PYL and PYLL, and in particular those assumptions that are made in the attribution of loss in potential years of life to specific risk factors." (SUMMARY IN FRE)