GRZYBY MAKROSKOPIJNE REZERWATU PRZYRODY „TORFOWISKO TOPORZYK” (NW POLSKA)

The paper presents results of mycocoenological studies conducted in 2 nature reserves (Brodogóry and Stary Przylep) located in the Western Pomerania. The research was carried out in 1995-2001 within patches of 2 plant associations: <i>Potentillo-Stipetum capillatae</i> and <i>Adonido-Brachypodietum pinnati (Festuco-Brometea</i> class. Regarding mycological aspects, the communities studied consist of low number of taxa. Among macrofungi found during these studies are particularly interesting: <i>Calvatia candida, Disciseda candida, Gastrosporium simplex, Geastrum schmidelli Tulostoma fimbriatum</i> and <i>T. brumale</i>.

The data presented concern preliminary results of faunistic research carried out on the epigeic beetle fauna in the Lake Świdwie nature reserve, NW Poland (UTM VV53). Fourteen pitfall traps were placed in four different habitats in the reserve. A total of 957 specimens were collected belonging to 83 species and 16 families: Byrrhidae, Carabidae, Catopidae, Curculionidae, Dermestidae, Dryopidae, Elateridae, Eucinetidae, Hydrophilidae, Geotrupidae, Leiodidae, Limnichidae, Silphidae, Staphylinidae, Scarabaeidae, Tenebrionidae. Representatives of Staphylinidae, Hydrophilidae and Curculionidae were determinate to the family level only.

Dicranum viride (Sull. & Lesq.) Lindb. is a rare species in NW Poland, known from several localities. In recent years it has been confirmed and/or found here in three localities: in the “Przełom rzeki Dębnicy” nature reserve in the Drawsko Landscape Park (Fig. 1; Janyszek et al. 1994), the “Wapienny Las” nature reserve near Drzewiany (Rusińska et al. 2010) and the Wolin National Park (Stebel et al. 2015; Wilhelm et al. 2015). In 2023, two new localities of D. viride were discovered in the Drawsko Landscape Park. The paper contains a description of the new localities and information about the situation of the D. viride site in the “Przełom rzeki Dębnicy” nature reserve.

Larvae of a vast majority of water mite species are parasites of aquatic insects. Owing to this, they migrate to new localities, and are able to survive unfavourable environmental conditions. This also concerns species from subgenus Arrenurus s. str., parasites of dragonflies. The detailed analysis of this phenomenon, however, has only been possible in the last several years, since the key to the identification of larvae from genus Arrenurus Dug. was published. In 2010, the parasitism of Arrenurus s. str. larvae on dragonflies in the Lake Świdwie reserve (NW Poland) was analysed. Larvae of 9 species of water mites were recorded on 107 imagines of dragonflies from 8 species. The following were identified as hosts of water mites for the first time: Anax imperator, Libellula quadrimaculata, and Leucorrhinia caudalis. The highest prevalence occurred in the case of: Erythromma najas and Lestes dryas (100%), Coenagrion pulchellum (96.5%), and C. puella (80.0%). Coenagrion pulchellum was infested by 9 species of parasites, C. puella by 6, and Erythromma najas and Lestes dryas by three species. The highest number of host species occurred in the case of Arrenurus maculator (5); followed by A. cuspidator, A. batillifer cf., A. bicuspidator, and A. tetracyphus (3 each); A. papillator, A. tricuspidator, and A. bruzelii (2 each), and A. claviger (1). Differentiation of preferences of particular parasites towards various parts of the host body was observed, probably related to the coevolution of parasites and hosts, and competition between the host species. The body sizes of the parasites suggest that approximately 50% of body size growth of water mites from subgenus Arrenurus s. str. occurs at the stage of parasitic larva.

During the vegetation seasons in years 2004-2005 the health state of rush plant species from <em>Phragmition</em> and <em>Magnocaricion</em> alliances around the Lake Glinno was investigated. From 13 plant species with disease symptoms 94 species of fungi and FLO were isolated. The highest mycological biodiversity was stated in <em>Phragmitetum australis</em> (24 species) and <em>Thelypteridi-Phragmitetum</em> (27 species) plant associations. The host species in which the biggest number of fungi and FLO species was observed were: <em>Phragmites australis</em> (37 species) and <em>Carex acutiformis</em> (25 species). The highest mycological similarity based on the Jaccard-Sörensen coefficient occurred between <em>Caricetum acutiformis</em> and <em>Glycerietum maximae</em> plant associations (50%) whereas the lowest value of the coefficient represented <em>Glycerietum maximae</em> and <em>Phalaridetum arundinaceae</em> associations (7%).

Succession of woody species on bogs is a process limited by high groundwater table. In the case of drainage, this limiting factor becomes suppressed and succession may accelerate. The aim of the study was to assess the development of tree stands on a raised bog influenced by drainage and wild fire and to assess the dynamics of woody species encroachment. The study was conducted in the ‘Brzozowe Bagno kolo Czaplinka’ nature reserve in NW Poland, where the originally unforested peat bog was influenced by peat harvesting, drainage and fire over 100 years. The diameter at breast height of tree species and natural regeneration were assessed. Six types of tree stands were distinguished: open bog, bog forest with Pinus sylvestris, early-, mid- and late-successional bog forest with Betula pubescens and pioneer forest with Populus tremula, which occurred in the post-fire sites. After ca 100 years of human activity on an unforested peat bog, dense forest emerged on almost all of the study area. Drainage and wildfire influenced tree stand structure. The course of succession most probably goes from open bog to pine bog forest and early-, mid- and late-successional birch forests. Regeneration of B. pubescens is a crucial phase of woody species succession, because this species creates suitable conditions for growth of late-successional species.

One of the most important threats to peatland ecosystems is drainage, resulting in encroachment of woody species. Our main aim was to check which features - overstorey or understorey vegetation - are more important for shaping the seedling bank of pioneer trees colonising peatlands (Pinus sylvestris and Betula pubescens). We hypothesised that tree stand parameters will be more important predictors of natural regeneration density than understorey vegetation parameters, and the former will be negatively correlated with species diversity and richness and also with functional richness and functional dispersion, which indicate a high level of habitat filtering. The study was conducted in the 'Zielone Bagna' nature reserve (NW Poland). We assessed the structure of tree stands and natural regeneration (of B.pubescens and P.sylvestris) and vegetation species composition. Random forest and DCA were applied to assess relationships between variables studied. Understorey vegetation traits affected tree seedling density (up to 0.5-m height) more than tree stand traits. Density of older seedlings depended more on tree stand traits. We did not find statistically significant relationships between natural regeneration densities and functional diversity components, except for functional richness, which was positively correlated with density of the youngest tree seedlings. Seedling densities were higher in plots with lower functional dispersion and functional divergence, which indicated that habitat filtering is more important than competition. Presence of an abundant seedling bank is crucial for the process of woody species encroachment on drained peatlands, thus its dynamics should be monitored in protected areas.

The ‘Mierzwice’ nature reserve (forest district 206b, c and d of the Sarnaki Forest Inspectorate), situated in the area of the Podlaski Przełom Bug Landscape Park, is one of the most valuable natural assets of the central Bug river valley. The 12.98 ha reserve was established in 2010 to aid protection of the stand of xerothermic vegetation and its surrounding deciduous forest. In total, eight plant associations were identified within the reserve: Geranio-Peucedanetum cervariae, Geranio-Anemonetum sylvestris, Geranio-Trifolietum alpestris, Trifolio medii-Agrimonietum, Rubo fruticosi-Prunetum, Rhamno-Cornetum sanguinei, Potentillo albae-Quercetum and Tilio cordatae-Carpinetum betuli. Furthermore, 23 protected and 31 endangered species were found in the reserve including the following examples: Cephalanthera rubra, Thesium ebracteatum, Cypripedium calceolus, Gentiana cruciata, Anemone sylvestris, Cimicifuga europaea, Viola rupestris, Crepis praemorsa, Asperula tinctoria, Stachys recta, Laserpitium latifolium. Over the last few years, a regression of the species diagnostic number for thermophilous oak forests and xerothermic grasslands has been observed as a result of succession and expansion of Calamagrostis epigejos. Active protection of xerothermic vegetation such as uprooting of trees and bushes, regular grazing or mowing has been suggested in order to prevent the expansion of Calamagrostis epigejos.

FOREST PATHOLOGICAL MONITORING OF PINE STANDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE PERGHAN SCIENTIFIC AND RESEARCH NATURE PROTECTION DEPARTMENT POLISH NATURE RESERVE

In the years 1996-1998, the ccurrence of <i>Ampelomyces quisqualis</i> parasitizing powdery mildews (<i>Erysiphales</i>) affecting plants of 12 permanent plots with nine plant assciations, as well as those of 32 agricultural fields and gardens of the Drawsko Landscape Park in north-western Poland was investigated. The plant associations of the 12 permanent plots were <i>Luzulo pilosae-Fagetum, Stellrio-Carpinetum, Querco roboris-Pinetum, Leucobryo-Pinetum, Ribo nigri-Alnenun, Circaeo-Alnetum, Vaccino ulginosi-Pinetum, Chenopodietea</i>, and <i>Artemisietea</i>. In the laboratory, the morphology of this hyperparasite, its pattern of colonization of powdery mildews as well as the influence of cultural conditions on its growth and sporulation were determined. Of the 57 species of <i>Erysiphales</i> found in Drawsko Landscape Park, <i>A. quisqualis</i> parasitized 14 in three genera. Of them, nine species were for the first time found to be fungal hosts of <i>A. quisqualis</i> in Poland. This hyperparasite preferred the <i>Artemisietea</i> and <i>Chenopodiatea</i> plant associations, as well as plants of agricultural and horticultural areas, i. e., plants of warmer sites compared with the others considered in this study. The media favouring the growth and sporulation of <i>A. quisqualis</i> were Sabouraud agar and potato dextrose agar. The optimal temperature range for both growth and sporulation of <i>A. quisqualis</i> was 20 -25°C.

This paper continues the presentation of results of a 3-year investigation on the occurrence of fungi of the order <i>Erysiphales</i> in the Drawski Landscape Park (north-western Poland). The list of occurrence of members of <i>Erysiphales</i> presented includes 31 next species and 15 species found on plants not mentioned in the previous paper. Additionally, the occurrence of the powdery mildew fungi in 12 permanent plots with nine plant associations was presented and compared.

This paper presents data on the occurrence of lichens in xerothermic grasslands, representing a great mycological peculiarity of the NW part of Pomerania, Poland. The 12 examined specimens of six species originated from fieldwork carried out in 2011–2014 in the nature reserves Brodogóry, Stary Przylep, Bielinek, Wrzosowiska Cedyńskie, Prof. Adam Wodziczko Nature Reserve in the Wolin National Park, and an old chalk excavation site on Wolin Island. Within the study sites, four lichen species were recorded as a new to Western Pomerania: <em>Agonimia gelatinosa</em>, <em>Collema cristatum</em>, <em>Dermatocarpon luridum</em>, and <em>Leptogium subtile</em>. The other two species, <em>Collema auriforme</em> and <em>C. flaccidum</em>, are rarely observed in the studied region.

Lichens and lichenicolous fungi of the “Golczewskie Uroczysko” nature reserve (NW Poland)

The use of meteorological information obtained from the base weather station for conducting forest pathological monitoring in the conditions of nature conservation research departments (PNDV) of the Polissya Nature Reserve is justified. The results of conducting forest pathological monitoring studies of pine stands in the forest vegetation conditions of the Perhansky, Kopyshchansky, Selezivsky PNDVs of the Polissya Nature Reserve are analyzed.The subject of the work is the practical application of an innovative method using meteorological information from a local automatic meteorological station in the conditions of the settlement of Selezivka, for conducting forest pathological monitoring surveys of the sanitary condition of forests in the forest vegetation conditions of the Perhansky, Kopyshchansky, Selezivsky PNDV of the Polissya Nature Reserve, as well as its comparison with the effectiveness of existing methodologies for assessing the pathological condition of forests in the conditions of the Central Polissya zone of Ukraine. Testing and assessment of the representativeness of innovative methodological principles for using meteorological information obtained from the automatic meteorological station of the Polissya Nature Reserve to conduct forest pathological monitoring studies and forecasts of the spread of diseases and the spread of pests in the conditions of the Pergan, Kopyshchan, Seleziv PNDV, assessment of the actual discrepancy of indicators in comparison with the proposed methodology with generally recognized methods for conducting forest pathological surveys for disease and pest damage, as well as further forecasting the forest pathological state of forests using meteorological information to prevent the occurrence and spread of epiphytoses of forest diseases and pests.The aim of the work is to determine the effectiveness of the proposed innovative methodology for conducting forest pathological monitoring using meteorological information from an automatic weather station on the territory of forest uses of the Polissya Nature Reserve; to assess the possibility of using meteorological data obtained from an automatic weather station on the territory of the Polissya Nature Reserve to compile forest pathological and entomological forecasts regarding the likely spread of diseases and pests in the forest vegetation conditions of the Pergan, Kopyshchan, and Seleziv PNDVs; based on the proposed innovative methodology for conducting forest pathological monitoring studies using meteorological data, to provide practical targeted recommendations to both forestry branches and objects of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine regarding the prevention of the occurrence and spread of epiphytoties of diseases and pests, as well as the compilation of forest pathological forecasts for planning preventive measures in the conditions of the Central Polissya zone of Ukraine.The main methods of conducting research to study methodological approaches to predicting forest pathological conditions using meteorological information obtained from an automatic weather station in the conditions of the PNDV of the Polissya Nature Reserve were:1. Calculation and analytical for collecting and processing the results of research to study the effectiveness of the proposed methodology for conducting forest pathological studies using meteorological information from an automatic weather station in the forest vegetation conditions of the Pergansky, Kopyshchansky, Selezivsky PNDVs of the Polissya Nature Reserve, as well as their comparison with generally accepted methods.2. Implementation of general and sub-annual forest pathological monitoring and statistical analysis of the results obtained using existing methodologies for research into the pathological condition of forests in the Central Polissya zone of Ukraine.3. Determination of the representativeness and objectivity of the obtained research results in relation to all objects of the nature reserve fund of the Central Polissya zone of Ukraine, where pine stands dominate.4. Providing practical recommendations to both branches of the State Enterprise "Forests of Ukraine" and objects of the nature reserve fund on the possibility of applying the proposed innovative methodology for determining the forest pathological condition of forests using meteorological data from an automatic weather station, as well as the possibility of creating forecasts of the risks of the occurrence and spread of epiphytoties of diseases and pests in the forest vegetation conditions of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine.According to the results of the work, it was found that meteorological information during forest pathological monitoring provides an assessment of the climatic features of the region, carries out a detailed analysis of weather conditions of individual years and seasons of the year (spring, summer, autumn, winter), provides an objective assessment of the weather situation during critical periods of the life cycle of forest insect pests and the spread of diseases, assesses meteorological phenomena that cause abiotic stress in plants and, through a complex system of biocenotic relationships, modify the number of insects and pathogens in various forest-vegetation conditions. It has been proven that with a large positive anomaly of the sums of active temperatures, quite favorable conditions are created (especially in combination with a deficit of precipitation) for a sharp increase in the number of forest insect pests. The method of forecasting the heat supply of the growing season is based on the relationship between the sums of active temperatures (Σt>t°) and the date of the spring transition of the average daily air temperature through 10°C. Such a methodological approach to forest pathological forecasts makes it possible to establish with a probability of 95% not only the probable area of disease distribution, but also to determine specific types of pests and their threshold of harmfulness in forest edatopes. It was found that the assessment of moisture conditions during the growing season directly affects the course of disease pathogenesis and the spread of pests in the conditions of the PNDV of the Polissya Nature Reserve. The results of the conducted forest pathological studies indicate a significant change in pathological processes under the influence of weather conditions in pine nature reserve forests of the Central Polissya zone of Ukraine.The scope of application of the results of the conducted research is the objects of the nature reserve fund on the example of the Polissya Nature Reserve, forestry enterprises and forestry enterprises, which are geographically located in the Central Polissya zone, in order to determine the pathological state of forests and subsequently the possibility of predicting the risks of the occurrence and spread of epiphytoties in natural forest ecosystems. The data obtained as a result of the research can also be used when compiling forest pathological computer models of the probable occurrence, spread of pests and diseases in the forests of the nature reserve fund of the Central Polissya zone of Ukraine.The conclusions of the research are that the spread of diseases and pests as a result of weather and climatic features in the spring-autumn and winter period due to abnormally warm winters annually destroys significant areas of forests of the nature reserve fund. The most affected by constant pathogenesis and damage by pests are pine stands of the boreal type of Pergansky, Selezivsky and Kopyshchansky PNDV of the Polesie Nature Reserve. We have determined that as a result of weather and climatic anomalies in the forest vegetation conditions of the Polesie Nature Reserve, the active pathological effect of the complex of diseases and pests, causing active drying of stands of Scots pine and European birch, is 2 times higher than similar indicators in areas with more stable weather indicators, especially the amount of precipitation and the sum of active temperatures. The entry of Scots pine into a persistent pathological process with subsequent death due to the active biological activity of diseases and pests in the conditions of the Polesie Nature Reserve occurs quite intensively. It was established that the scale and nature of the pathological process in pine stands of the Polesie Nature Reserve in the context of the applied innovative methodology for determining pathological features using meteorological information from an automatic weather station differs significantly from the previously described methods. It was determined that meteorological data from an automatic weather station provide significant indicators of weather conditions that can be used to assess the pathologies of pests and forest diseases. The annual dynamics of the intensity of pathogenesis in the pine forest has significantly changed for the worse due to abnormally warm winters, especially in 2023, 2024, 2025. It was studied that in a pine forest affected by a pathological process, there is a higher formation and spread of mass epiphytoses of root and pine sponge, as well as the biological activity of apex, six-toothed bark beetles, pine woodworm, gold leaf beetle and other woodworm pests. Pathologies of pine stands due to weather and climatic conditions, as well as the probability of such dangerous phenomena as windbreak and windbreak due to the pathological activity of root and pine sponge pathogens in the conditions of forest use of the Polesie Nature Reserve is quite high compared to control areas, where the pathogenic impact of these pathogens is quite low. This, in turn, causes a faster rate of biological destruction of dead trees and broken logs, which, by the way, can further lead to the accumulation of forest combustible materials and their further natural preparation for possible fire in the presence of appropriate weather and climatic conditions. The practical use of the obtained research results is to determine the possibility of applying the methodology of forest pathological surveys using meteorological data to analyze the current and forecast the future forest pathological situation in the forest-vegetation boreal conditions of the Polesie Nature Reserve. Determining the pathological state of forests in the conditions of the Perhansky, Selezivsky, Kopyshchansky PNDV of the Polesie Nature Reserve will further allow for the practical determination of the quantitative and species composition of pathogens and pests, to determine the probability of the occurrence of epiphytoties and their spread in the conditions of the Polesie Nature Reserve.

In this paper, deposits in end moraines of the Pomeranian Phase in Western Pomerania, NW Poland are analyzed. Results of detailed research have shown that these end moraines were formed when the ic...