GROWTH RESPONSE OF IMMATURE DUKU PLANTS TO APPLICATION OF GOAT MANURE COMPOST AND NPK FERTILIZER

This study aimed to determine the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer dosages on the growth and development of red chili plants (Capsicum annuum L.). The experiment was conducted using a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 9 treatment combinations (3 × 3). The first factor was chicken manure with the following doses: P0 = control, P1 = 2.6 kg, and P2 = 5.2 kg. The second factor was NPK 16:16:16 fertilizer with the following doses: N0 = control, N1 = 100 g, and N2 = 200 g. The experimental procedures included land preparation, mulching, planting, watering, replanting, weeding, and harvesting. The observed parameters were plant height (cm), stem diameter, yield per plot, and descriptions of pests and diseases (OPT) attacking the chili plants. Application of chicken manure did not significantly affect the observed parameters, although it showed an increase in plant height, stem diameter, and yield per plot compared to the control. The application of chicken manure and NPK fertilizer at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after planting (WAP) had no significant effect on chili plant height. However, plants treated with chicken manure and NPK tended to grow taller than those without fertilization. Similarly, the combined application of chicken manure and NPK had no significant effect on stem diameter at 2, 4, 6, and 8 WAP. In contrast, the application of chicken manure and NPK significantly affected fruit weight per plot. The highest fruit weight was obtained in the N2 treatment, which was significantly different from N0 and N1. The interaction between chicken manure and NPK fertilizer had no significant effect on any of the observed parameters.

Optimization of vegetative growth and photosynthetic activity of Tejakula tangerine requires appropriate nutrition, which can be met with a combination of fertilization. This study aims to find a combination of fertilization packages between organic fertilizers, macro and micro fertilizers, mycorrhizal biofertilizers and probiotic POC fertilizers that can provide the best growth response and photosynthetic activity in Tejakula tangerine plants. The study was conducted using a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with one treatment factor of the fertilization package consisting of three levels, namely: 1. Organic fertilizer (Po), 2. Organic fertilizer + macro and micro fertilizers (Ph), 3. Organic fertilizer + macro and micro fertilizers + mycorrhizal biofertilizer + probiotic POC fertilizer (Pc). Each treatment was repeated ten times, so that 30 experimental plant units were obtained. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the fertilizer package treatment had a very significant effect on the variables of the increase in the number of primary branches and leaf color, and had a significant effect on the variables of the increase in plant height, increase in stem diameter, leaf thickness and leaf chlorophyll content, but had no significant effect on the variables of the ratio of leaf length and width, relative water content (RA) of leaves and the microclimate of the research site. The Pc fertilizer package affected the growth of Tejakula tangerine very significantly on leaf color (3.88 BWD units), had a significant effect on the increase in plant height (72.10 cm) and the increase in the number of leaves (1.211 strands) and provided the highest photosynthesis rate (4.97%).

The research aims to observe the effect of organic fermented cow stool application on the growth of Moringa Oleifera. The research wa conducted at the Bandar Khlifa Village, Percut Sei Tuan district, Deli Sedang District, North Sumatera from September to November 2020. The design used for this research Completely Randomized Design in 4 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments consisted of P0 = Control (Without fertilizer), P1 = 5 ml, P2 = 10 ml, P3 = 15 ml. The parameters observed were plant height, number of stem branches, leaf width and stem diameter. The results showed that the effect of fermented cow stool application had significant effect ( P ≥ 0,05) on increase in plant height, increase in leaf width, and increase in stem diameter, but not significant on increase in number of stem branches, increase in number of leaves,. It is recommended to support good growth (plant height, leaf width and stem diameter) of Moringa Oleifera plants using a 5 ml dose of fermented cow feces fertilization.

The experiment was conducted at the research station of the College of Agriculture, University of Kufa, during the 2024-2025 growing season, to determine the effect of fertilizing with date palm remains compost and Brassinolides on Tecoma growth and flowering. Tecoma seedlings were 6-month-old yellow Stans seedlings propagated by cuttings and planted in plastic bags. The treatments were: soil incorporations with date palm remain compost at 0, 100, 200 and 300 g. pot −1 and/or foliar treatment with Brassinolide at 0, 5, 10 and 15 mg L −1 . Date palm compost was added once at transplanting in 26 cm dia. pots while brassinolide was sprayed three times during experiment period. The results showed that soil treated with 300 g. pot −1 of date palm waste compost or spraying the seedlings with Brassinolide at 15 mg.L −1 resulted in higher values of increase in plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, increase in main plant stem diameter, number of florets per inflorescence, flower diameter, age of inflorescence on the plant, and leaf content of auxin and Brassinolide. In general, it was found that the interaction treatment of 300 gm.pot −1 compost and 15 mg.L −1 foliar Brassinolide led to the highest significant values in the increase in plant height (42.33 cm), increase in the number of branches (5.66 branch. plant −1 ), number of leaves (110.00 leaf. plant −1 ), increase in the diameter of the main plant stem (5.20 mm), number of florets in the inflorescence (7.33 floret. inflorescence −1 ), flower diameter (2.16 cm), age of the inflorescence (51.00 days) on the plant, and leaf content of auxin (3.06 µg. g −1 ) and Brassinolide (2.80 µg. g −1 ) with a significant difference from the control treatment, which recorded 24.30 cm, 44.00 leaf. plant −1 , 3.66 branch. plant −1 , 1.16 mm, 3.66 floret. inflorescence −1 , 1.13 cm, and 31.00 days. and 0.13 µg. g −1 and 0.44 µg. g −1 , respectively.

Purpose: This research aims to analyze the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer packages on the growth of Tejakula tangerine plants and changes in soil chemical properties after being given organic and inorganic fertilizer packages. Research methods: The method used in this research was a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with 1 (one) factor. The treatment tested was the fertilizer package dose (P), consisting of 3 levels, namely organic fertilizer/cow manure (Po), organic cow manure + 22.6 g Urea fertilizer + 4 g KCl fertilizer + Phonska Plus 15 fertilizer -15-15 dose 84 g (Ph), and organic cow manure fertilizer + Urea fertilizer dose 22.6 g, KCl fertilizer dose 4 g, Phonska Plus fertilizer 15-15-15 dose 84 g + mycorrhizal biofertilizer + liquid organic fertilizer (POC) probiotics (Pc). Each treatment was repeated 8 times to obtain 24 treatments. Findings: The response to the fertilizer package had a significant to very significant effect on plant growth, such as increasing plant height, increasing the number of primary branches, increasing stem diameter and number of leaves. The fertilizer package that gave the highest response to plant height, number of leaves, while the increase in stem diameter had the same effect. Primary branch augmentation is the most influential Ph package but is not significantly different from PC. The effect of fertilizer packages on changes in soil chemical properties is that pH is neutral, DHL is classified as low to very high, C-org is classified as high, N-tot is classified as medium, P-available and K-available is classified as very high. Implication: The effect of mixed organic, inorganic and biological fertilizers and probiotic POC provide the best response to plant growth and increase DHL in the soil.

The purpose of this research was to determine the growth and yield of cocoa plants on fertilization on wet tropical land. The research was located on the land of Badak Mekar Village, Muara Badak District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan in 2016-2019.The research method was a randomized block design (RBD) with 4 repetitions.
 Phase I research: factorial experiment with NPK Phonska fertilizer (N) included 3 levels: n0 = 0 kg plant-1); n1 = 0.25 kg plant-1; n2 = 0.5 kg plant-1 and goat manure (k) included 3 levels: k0 = 0 kg plant-1; k1 = 2.5 kg plant-1; k2 = 5.0 kg plant-1. Phase II research: factorial experiment with SP-36 fertilizer (p) included 3 levels: p0 = 0 kg plant-1; p1 = 0.25 kg plant-1; p2 = 0.5 kg plant-1 and KCl fertilizer (k) included 3 levels: k0 = 0 kg plant-1; k1 = 0.25 kg plant-1; k2 = 0.5 kg plant-1. Phase III research: factorial experiment with SP-36 fertilizer (p) included 3 levels: p0 = 0 kg plant-1; p1 = 0.4 kg plant-1; p2 = 0.8 kg plant-1 and goat manure (k) included 3 levels: k0 = 0 kg plant-1; k1 = 7.5 kg plant-1; k2 = 15 kg plant-1. Observation variable phase I research : increase in plant height at 6 months and 18 months after treatment (bsp), increase in stem diameter at 6 and 18 bsp, increase in number of leaves at 6 months of age and yield of cocoa pods.
 Observation variable phase II research: plant height increase at 3 bsp and 6 bsp, stem circumference at 3 bsp and 6 bsp, yield of cocoa pods, pest and disease attack intensity on cocoa pods. Observation variable phase III research: 1) yield of cocoa pods 2) pest and disease attack intensity on cocoa pods 3) analysis of soil chemical properties: pH, C-organic, N, P, K, alkaline cations, acid cations, cation exchange capacity and base saturation, 4) analysis soil microbes.
 Data analysis with variance and if significantly different will be Tested for Least Significant Difference (LSD) at the 5% level. Analysis of soil chemical characteristics with the criteria of soil chemical properties Bogor Soil Research Center (PPT) 1983.
 The results of phase I research: the NPK Phonska fertilizer treatment was very significantly different in the height increase of plants aged 6 bsp and 18 bsp, the increase in the number of leaves aged 6 bsp. The best dose of NPK Phonska fertilization is 0.5 kg of plant-1 (n2). The results of phase II research: the SP-36 fertilizer treatment was very significantly different for all observation variables. The best dose for SP-36 fertilization is 0.5 kg plant-1 (p2). Intensity of pest attack with light damage category and intensity of disease attack with medium damage category on cocoa pods. The results of phase III research: the treatment of SP-36 fertilizer, goat manure and combination of SP-36 fertilizer and goat manure had no significant difference in yield of cocoa pod. The intensity of pest attacks included moderate damage and the intensity of disease attacks included light damage to cocoa pods. The results of the analysis of soil chemical properties were acid soil pH, moderate organic C content, high C/N ratio, low N content, low P content and high K content. The results of soil microbial analysis identified Azotobacteraceae bacteria and Trichoderma fungi.

This study seeks to assess the growth response of cocoa seedlings (Theobroma cacao L.) clone ICCRI 06 H to various concentrations of humic acid and NPK fertilizer. The study was carried out at the Agroecotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University, and the Integrated Agricultural System (Sitandu) in Banten Province, Curug District, Serang City, Banten. Two components were used in the study: NPK fertilizer (0, 5, 7, 5, and 10 g/plant) and humic acid (0, 10, 20, and 30 g/plant) using a Randomized Block Design (RBD). Observation parameters included plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll index, fresh plant weight, and dry plant weight. The results showed that applying 20 g/plant of humic acid yielded the best results in increasing the number of leaves at 8 Weeks After Plant (WAP) and fresh plant weight at 12 WAP. Humic acid at 30 g/plant showed the highest effect on leaf chlorophyll index at 12 WAP. NPK fertilizer at 5 g/plant was most effective in increasing plant height at 4 WAP, leaf area, and fresh weight of plants at 12 WAP. Meanwhile, the 7.5 g/plant dose yielded the best results for nearly every growth parameter. Only at 4 WAP did a treatment of 10 g/plant result in an increase in plant height. On the dry weight of plants at 12 WAP, there was an interaction between the application of NPK fertilizer at 7.5 g/plant and humic acid treatment at 20 g/plant. Keywords: clone ICCRI 06 H, cocoa, humic acid, NPK fertilizer

Purpose. To reveal the regularities of the formation of the energy willow above-ground biomass structure and evaluate the qualitative and quantitative indicators of the biomass components under the effect of varietal characteristics and the type of planting material. Methods. Field experiments were conducted at the experimental field of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet (Ksaverivka 2, Kyiv region) located in the zone of unstable moisture in the central part of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine in 2019–2022. Cuttings and shoots were harvested in autumn and stored in various ways until planting. In the spring, after planting the shoots in the open ground, the biometric parameters of plants were determined: plant height, stem diameter and the number of stems. The measurements were taken on the same day every month during the three years of the experiment. Two willow varieties were used in the experiment: Salix triandra L. variety 'Panfylska' and S. viminalis L. variety 'Zbruch'. Results. The intensity of growth of the above-ground biomass of willow, which also depends on the yield of planting material (cuttings or shoots), was determined by plant height, stem diameter and the number of stems. These indicators were higher in 'Zbruch' compared to 'Panfylska'. Thus, in the second year of vegetation, on the first date of measuring (in spring), the plant height of 'Panfylska' variety was 136.3 cm, while in autumn. on September 21, it was 242.8 cm. In 'Zbruch', the indicators were higher by 12.4 and 13.5 cm, respectively. A similar dependence was found when planting shoots. It should be noted that within one variety, no regular and reliable difference in plant height depending on the type of planting material was found. In the third year of vegetation, a similar dependence of plant height on varietal characteristics was obtained. On average, in 2021–2022, when planting willow cuttings of 'Zbruch' variety, plant height was 276.1 cm in the spring, while in 'Panfylska' it was 20 cm lower (256.1 cm). In autumn, plant height was higher in 'Zbruch' also by 20 cm. Depending on the year of vegetation, the increase in plant height was the greatest in the first year of vegetation compared to the second and third years. Weather conditions during the growing season affected the height of plants; However, in all years of the research it was higher when planting cuttings and shoots of 'Zbruch' compared to 'Panfylska'. No significant influence of variety and the type of planting material on the stem diameter and the number of stems was found in all years of the research. Conclusions. Plant height and diameter of stem in dynamics depended on varietal characteristics. In 'Zbruch' variety, when planting cuttings and shoots, the increase in plant height and stem diameter was higher compared to 'Panfylska' both at the beginning of the growing season and in autumn. During the three years of vegetation, varietal characteristics and the type of planting material (cuttings and shoots) showed no significant difference in the plant height, stem diameter and the number of stems.

Beach sandy land has great potential to be used as an agricultural area, because it has a very large area and has not been utilized optimally, especially as a cultivation area. The aims of this study were: To determine the effect of rice husk ash and NPK fertilizer on changes in some of the chemical properties of coastal soils and the growth of cayenne pepper plants. To determine the interaction effect of rice husk ash and NPK fertilizer on changes in several chemical properties of coastal soils and the growth of cayenne pepper plants. This research was conducted at Field Laboratory II, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Halu Oleo. Analysis of soil samples was carried out at the Testing Laboratory of the Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University. This research was conducted from August 2022 to October 2022. This research used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of A0 = 0 g polybag-1, A1 = 25 g polybag-1 or equivalent to 5 ton ha-1, A2 = 37, 5 g polybag-1 or the equivalent of 7.5 tons ha-1, B0 = 0 g polybag-1, B1 = 5 g polybag-1 or the equivalent of 1 ton ha-1, B2 = 7.5 g polybag-1 or equivalent to 1.5 tons ha-1. The variables observed included analysis of soil chemical properties and plant growth. The results showed that a mixture of rice husk ash and NPK fertilizer was able to increase the nutrient content of N, P, K, pH, C-Organic in coastal soil, characterized by an increase in plant height and number of leaves of red chili plants and the dose of organic fertilizer that had the best effect, namely 37.5g and 7.5g.Keywords: husk ash, C-organics, soil chemical, sand land, NPK

The growth of areca nut (Areca catechu L.) seedlings in peat soil media often faces challenges due to the low nutrient content and less favorable chemical properties of the soil. This study aims to analyze the effect of applying areca nut husk compost and urea fertilizer on the growth of areca nut seedlings in peat soil media. The research was conducted using a factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors. The first factor was the dosage of compost (K) with five levels: 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1 kg. The second factor was the dosage of urea fertilizer (N) with four levels: 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 g. The results showed no interaction between the application of areca nut husk compost and urea fertilizer on plant height, stem diameter, and the number of leaves. However, the independent effect of areca nut husk compost significantly influenced the increase in height, stem base diameter, and the number of leaves in areca nut seedlings. Urea fertilizer had a significant effect on the increase in plant height and stem base diameter but did not significantly affect the increase in the number of leaves. The best application dosage for areca nut husk compost was 1 kg, which resulted in the greatest increase in plant height, stem diameter, and the number of leaves. The best urea fertilizer dosage for plant height increase was 4.5 g, while a dosage of 3 g produced the best increase in stem base diameter.

Oil palm is a plantation crop that plays a strategic role in the Indonesian economy because this commodity has bright prospects as a source of foreign exchange. The experiment aims to know the effect of interaction giving NPK fertilizer and rice husk compost and get the best combination dose for the growth of oil palm seedlings in the main nursery. The research was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design factorial with two factors, such as factor of NPK fertilizer (P) which consists of three extents, that are NPK 0 g/plant, NPK 12,5 g/plant, and NPK 25 g/plant. The second factor is rice husk compost (K) which consists of 4 extents that are rice husk compost 0 g/plant, rice husk compost 150 g/plant, rice husk compost 250 g/plant and rice husk compost 350 g/plant. The parameters observed included an increase in seedling height, an increase in stem diameter, an increase in leaf number, root volume, seed dry weight, and root crown ratio. The results showed that the application of NPK fertilizer and rice husk compost was able to increase the growth of oil palm seedlings in the main nursery. The application of NPK fertilizer and rice husk compost significantly increased the increase in plant height, wee diameter, leaf number, root volume, plant dry weight, and seedling root crown ratio. The combination of NPK fertilizer application according to the recommended dose (25 g/plants) and 250 g of rice husk compost per plant gave the best results for the growth of oil palm seedlings in the main nursery

This study aims to determine the effect of the comparison of media composition on the growth of teak seedlings; knowing the response of the growth of teak seedlings to the use of various types of compost; and knowing the interaction between media composition and the use of various types of compost on the growth of teak seedlings.This study used a factorial randomized block design consisting of two factors, namely the media composition factor which consisted of 3 levels, namely 1: 2, 2 : 1, 1: 1 and factor B (type of compost) which consisted of 3 types, namely tricocompost, bokashi and vermicompost and repeated 3 times and each replication consisted of 5 plants. The study was conducted from July to December 2019. The data obtained were analyzed by Analysis of Variety. If there is a significant difference, it is continued with the Tukey Test. The variables observed in the study were the increase in plant height; increase in stem diameter; number of leaves; Seedling Robustness Value (NKS) and Seed Quality Index (IMB).The results showed that the best treatment interaction for increasing diameter was the type of bokashi with a ratio of 1: 1, the increase in diameter of the type of bokashi in a ratio of 1: 2, the type of compost in the parameter of the number of leaves of the Tricokompos type in a ratio of 2: 1, the Sturdy Value of Seedlings (NKS) of the Tricokompos type with a ratio of 2 : 1 and the Quality Index of Tricocompost type seeds with a ratio of 1: 2.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the glyphosate on Hymenaea courbaril L. A randomized block design with five replications was implemented. Each experimental unit was composed of one plant in a 5 L container. The treatments were 0 "control"; 96; 240; 480; and 960 g ha-1 "corresponding to 10, 25, 50, and 100% of the commercial dose of glyphosate recommended for Caryocar brasiliense crop, respectively". The evaluations were performed at 24 h and 60 days after application. Visual and anatomical evaluations did not change regardless of the dose, while the histochemical evaluation showed an accumulation of starch grains in leaf tissues. There was an increase in the photosynthetic rate, in the electron transport rate, and in the effective quantum yield of photosystem II at 24 h after application. At 60 days after the application of the treatments, the photosynthetic rate showed a slight decrease and the transpiratory rate showed quadratic behavior. An increase in plant height was observed up to the dose of 480 g ha-1, a linear increase in stem diameter and a decrease in the number of leaves with increasing glyphosate doses. These results show that the cuticle protected the plant, and that the little absorbed glyphosate increased photosynthesis and transpiration to favor the plants. We can conclude that the H. courbaril species is able to survive after contact with glyphosate during the evaluated time, with no visual and/or anatomical damage, showing increases in growth and physiological characteristics for the tested doses.

The use of organic fertilizers such as lamtoro leaf liquid organic fertilizer can be used to reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers in sweet corn cultivation. This study aims to obtain the concentration of lamtoro leaf liquid organic fertilizer and the efficient dose of NPK fertilizer for the growth and yield of sweet corn plants. The research was carried out at the UARDS Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, UIN Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with 2 factors, namely the concentration of lamtoro leaf liquid organic fertilizer (0%, 30% and 50%) and the dose of NPK fertilizer (0 kg/ha, 200 kg/ha and 300 kg/ha). The results showed that treatment with a concentration of 30% POC in lamtoro leaves was efficient in increasing plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter. Treatment with a dose of 200 kg/ha of NPK fertilizer was efficient in increasing the number of leaves, stem diameter, cob length and cob weight without cob. There was no interaction between the POC treatment of lamtoro leaves and NPK fertilizer for all observed parameters in sweet corn plants.

The research was conducted at the research station affiliated with the Faculty of Agriculture / University of Kufa in the university city in the Najaf Governorate for the period from 1 March to 1 December 2023 to study the effect of organic fertilization with cow manure compost and foliar spraying with magnesium and their interactions on some vegetative traits of black Diyala fig seedlings. The foliar magnesium was used at four concentrations (0, 0.5, 1 or 1.5) gm L-1, and the ground addition of organic fertilizer (cow manure) was also applied at four levels (0, 5, 10 or 15) g pot-1, and their interactions. The results showed that black Diyala fig seedlings treated with cow manure compost recorded significant effect on the studied traits, as cow manure compost at 15 g pot-1 resulted in the highest increase of seedlings height 21.37 cm, stem diameter 2.07 mm, number of branches 3.30 seedling branch-1, number Leaves 10.03 leaf plant -1, and leaf area 2448.25 cm2 seedling-1. Spraying fig seedlings of the Black Diyala variety with magnesium at a concentration of 1.5 gm l-1 excelled in the amount of increase in seedling height 15.98 cm, stem diameter 1.82 mm, number of branches 3.23 seedling branch-1, and number of leaves. 10.36 plant leaves-1, average leaf area is 1899.50 cm2 seedling-1. However, best results were recorded in the interaction of foliar magnesium at 1.5 gm L-1 and organic fertilizer at 15 g pot-1 with significantly the highest increase in plant height 25.56 cm and stem diameter 2.28 mm, the number of branches is 5.28 branches, seedling-1, the number of leaves is 15.00 leaves-1, the average leaf area is 3030.00 cm2, seedling-1.