Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Receptor (GHRH-R) Gene Mutation in Indian Children with Familial Isolated Growth Hormone Deficiency: A Study from Western India

Abstract

Various mutations of the growth hormone releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R) gene have been recently described to cause familial isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency (FIGHD), with the GHRH-R nonsense mutation E72X reported in patients with FIGHD from South Asia. The molecular genetic basis of FIGHD in Indian children is not known. To look for the GHRH-R E72X non-sense mutation in our patients with FIGHD and describe its clinical phenotype. A total of 31 patients from 22 families diagnosed 4-20 years previously, 20 patients with familial IGHD-IB from 11 families and 11 patients with non-familial isolated GH deficiency (NFIGHD) (phenotypes IGHD-IB in eight patients and -IA in three) were included. Twenty-eight of 31 patients with IGHD-IB came from two states of Western India, 27 of them Hindus from 18 families (three consanguineous) and one from an inbred Moslem kindred. Twenty-two of the patients (71%) (18 FIGHD and four NFIGHD) had a homozygous G-->T transversion in exon 3, with this GHRH-R gene mutation E72X in 90% (18/20) of patients with FIGHD, 36% (4/11) of NFIGHD, altogether 78% (22/28) with phenotype IB. One parent pair with IGHD had homozygous E72X mutation, the rest were heterozygous carriers. Two siblings with IGHD due to homozygous E72X mutation were also heterozygous carriers for GH-1 gene 6.7 kb deletion, inherited from their mother, heterozygous for both GH-1 and GHRH-R mutations. Initial chronological age was 10.89 +/- 3.69 years, bone age 6.4 +/- 3.4 years, and mean height SDS was -5.83 +/- 1.41. The clinical phenotype, with sharp features, lean habitus, lack of frontal bossing or hypoglycemia, was characteristic. The mean peak GH was 1.25 +/- 0.75 ng/ml, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 below -2 SDS with no response to GHRH in those tested. MRI (n = 10) showed pituitary hypoplasia, mean vertical height 2.61 +/- 0.76 mm. Among the other 7/11 NFIGHD patients, four with phenotype IB were negative for genotypes tested in this study; of three patients with phenotype IA, two had the GH-1 gene 6.7 kb deletion, and one was a compound heterozygote with 6.7 and 7.6 kb deletions. The majority of patients with FIGHD from different communities belonged to non-consanguineous Hindu families from Western India. The GHRH-R gene E72X mutation was found in 71% of this series, in 90% of FIGHD, 36% of NFIGHD, and in 78% with phenotype IB. The characteristic phenotype helped in suspecting this mutation. GHRH-R gene mutations may be the most reasonable candidate for IGHD-IB with the E72X mutation predominating in the Indian subcontinent. More extensive studies need to be undertaken.