Growth and yield response of three lettuce varieties (Lactuca sativa L.) with different lighting durations in hydroponic cultivation

Effect of Nasa Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) Concentration and Varieties on Growth and Production of Lettuce Plants (Lactuca sativa L.) with DFT Hydroponic System. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a short-lived leaf vegetable that can be grown in both highlands and lowlands. Generally consumed in a raw state so that hygiene is a top priority. Currently the demand for lettuce has not been fulfilled optimally, this is due to constraints in cultivation which causes low quality and yield of lettuce production. Efforts to increase lettuce production can be done by adding organic fertilizers as a source of plant nutrition and selecting the right lettuce varieties. This study aims to determine the interaction between the concentration of Nasa LOF fertilizer and lettuce varieties on the growth and production in hydroponic cultivation with DFT system. This study used a factorial randomized block design with a 2-factor treatment design. The first factor is the concentration of Nasa LOF with 3 levels, namely 4 mL/L; 6 mL/L; 8 mL/L and the second factor is the lettuce variety with 3 levels, namely the new grand rapid variety of lettuce; karina; kriebo le 873 which consisted of 3 groups. The results of this study showed an interaction between the concentration of Nasa LOF and lettuce varieties on the observed variables of plant height (24 DAP and 31 DAP), number of leaves (31 DAP) and wet weight per lettuce plant (31 DAP). The single treatment of Nasa LOF concentration had no significant effect on all variables observed in lettuce. The single treatment of lettuce varieties affected the observed variables of plant height (10 DAP and 17 DAP), number of leaves (24 DAP) and root length (10 DAP, 17 DAP, 24 DAP, and 31 DAP)

The hydroponic system is modern agricultural cultivation with various planting media as a substitute for soil, so hydroponics is an agricultural activity that is carried out by using water as a medium for distributing nutrients. This research aims to determine the effect of alternative nutrition to substitute AB mix on the growth and yield of hydroponic lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The research method was an experiment in a completely randomized design(CRD), using 5treatments with 4 repetitions, namely P0 (control/with ABmix nutrition) of 700-800 ppm, P1 (800-900 alternative nutrients), P2 (900-1000 ppm alternative nutrients), P3 (1000-1100 alternative nutrients), P4 (1000-1200 alternative nutrients), were analyzed by one way ANOVA analysis with a significance level of 0.05. Parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, root length, leaf width, and fresh weight. The results showed that providing alternative nutrition significantly affected plant height, leaf width, and fresh weight of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). With the best treatment of 900-1000 ppm with plant height 35-41 cm, number of leaves 15-17, leaf width 17-18 cm, and plant wet weight 120-209 grams, the lowest yield was in treatment P0 with plant height 30-33 cm. the number of leaves is 15-16, and the wet weight of the plant is 117-146 grams

Poor substate flow rate affects the production of crops under hydroponic systems as contact and collision times of ions (nutrients) with roots is affected deciding nutrients uptake rate and quantity required for crop growth. Keeping in view, a study was conducted under hydroponic culture to obtain optimal flow rate for higher production of lettuce, which is an important leafy vegetable. Two lettuce varieties (Boston and Lollo Bionda) were subjected to 4 different flow rates (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 L min-1) under completely randomized design (CRD) with factorial arrangement and replicated four times. The outcomes of the study suggest that performance of Lollo Bionda variety was better than Boston regarding root and shoot fresh and dry biomass, leaf number, area, length and width and head diameter and plant height. The same parameters kept on increasing with increase of flow rate and achieved maximum values at 1.5 L min-1. Beyond that flow rate the values for these parameters declined which indicated that the optimal flow rate for these 2 lettuce verities is 1.5 L min-1. Hence, it was concluded that for higher production of lettuce, the flow rate should be kept at 1.5 L min-1 in Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) using hydroponic system with environmental and substrate conditions mentioned in materials and method portion of this article.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a popular leafy vegetable. Most of its varieties are eaten fresh and commonly served as a garnish in fried rice or complementary vegetables in some fast food meals such as burgers and green salads. Nowadays, most lettuce varieties are grown hydroponically, replacing the soil and feeding all nutrients through the water. A hydroponic system is also considered a solution to overcome the shortage of arable lands and good-quality water. This research aims to evaluate the lettuce response towards the application of AB-mix fertilizer in the hydroponic system. This research was designed using Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two factors (AB mix concentrations and lettuce varieties) and three replications. The results revealed between AB-mix concentrations and lettuce varieties, where the application of AB-mix increased the number of leaves. AB-mix's application gave an effect to all variables observed: plant height, leaf width, leaf number, and leaf chlorophyll but insignificant to root length.

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of LED grow lights in an indoor hydroponic system for horticultural plants. The problem identified was the need for energy efficiency and optimal yield in hydroponic growth systems. The experimental research method involved collecting descriptive data presented in tables and figures. Variables measured included power consumption, light intensity, temperature, humidity, plant height, leaf count, leaf width, and pH and EC levels. The results showed that lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown with a 25-watt LED grow light in a wick hydroponic system exhibited the best growth compared to lower power levels. The highest productivity was achieved under 12 hours of sunlight, yielding 17.82 tons/ha, while 20 hours of LED lighting resulted in the lowest productivity at 7.11 tons/ha. A 16-hour lighting treatment produced better results, with a yield of 11.05 tons/ha. In conclusion, the duration and type of lighting significantly affect lettuce productivity in a hydroponic system.

Phenol removal from solution using different varieties of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) – Part 1

Lettuce is a valuable leaf vegetable for a well-balanced diet, since it is rich in nutrient elements, has low calories and provides dietary antioxidants. Compared to soil-based cultivation, the hydroponic system is an alternative associated with a shortening of growing cycles and a reduction of wasted water amount. The aim of this study was to analyze the growth of lettuce plants under hydroponic and soil cultivation systems, during three phenological growth stages (45; 47 and 49) according to BBCH scale. During the study different morphological and physiological parameters were evaluated: Plant height (PH); Stem diameter (SD); Fresh mass (FM); Dry mass (DM); Leaf area (LA); Chlorophyll content (CC); Transpiration rate (TR). The research was carried out using a complete randomized design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of cultivation system and growth stages. Plants grown in hydroponic system presented higher values of most parameters, except for DM and TR. The cultivation system had the highest effect on PH, SD and LA. The highest variation between growth stages were observed for PH, LA and CC. Finally, we can conclude that lettuce plants cultivated under hydroponic system, presented better growth parameters associated with higher head weight and yield.

In Chile, lettuce is the vegetable that has increased in cultivated area the most in recent years, reaching 8,309 ha. The Coquimbo Region contributes the most to this growth in production with 3,284 ha in 2022 (ODEPA 2023). Most lettuce is grown under open field conditions, but there is significant production in greenhouses and an increase in hydroponic production systems (INIA 2017). During April to June 2021 and 2022 in the Coquimbo Region, butterhead-type lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa) cv. Neil, cultivated under a hydroponic system, showed severe brown to black lesions in the leaves and midrib (Figure S1). To determine the etiology of this problem, samples of diseased plants were taken. Pieces of symptomatic tissue were macerated, and the extract was spread on nutrient agar (NA) and on King's B medium (KB) and incubated at 23°C for 48 h. The bacterial colonies observed were predominantly circular, creamy-white in color with irregular margins and fluorescent in KB medium. Isolates were gram-negative strictly aerobic. LOPAT test (Lelliot et al. 1966) results of two selected isolates were: levan production (-), oxidase reaction (+), potato soft rot (-), arginine dihydrolase production (-), and tobacco hypersensitivity (+), which corresponds to the profile of Pseudomonas cichorii. Molecular identification was performed through amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA (GenBank Accessions No. OR540674 to OR540675), gyrB and rpoD genes (Hwang et al. 2005; Sarkar and Guttmann 2004) (GenBank Accessions No. OR558279 to OR558282). BLAST analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of the isolates resulted in a match with a 99.86% identity with P. cichorii type strain ATCC 10857 (NR_112070.1). BLAST analysis of gyrB and rpoD resulted in a match with a 100% (630/630 bp) and >99% (546/550 bp) identity respectively, with strains of P. cichorii. Five six-month-old lettuce plants cv. Desert Storm were pricked in the midrib with a toothpick smeared with a fresh colony grown on KB medium. Seven days after inoculation, the plants showed dark brown, watery lesions, characteristic of damage caused by P. cichorii (Figure S1). Bacteria were isolated again from the inoculated plants and were identified as P. cichorii using LOPAT and molecular identification techniques. Midrib rot caused by P. cichorii was reported as an emerging disease of greenhouse-grown lettuce by Cottyn et al. (2009). In Chile, P. cichorii was previously described affecting nectarine fruits (Pinto de Torres and Carreño Ibañez 1983) and reported as a pathogen of lettuce among others horticultural crops by Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero of the Government of Chile (Acuña 2008), but this is the first report of P. cichorii affecting hydroponic lettuce plants in Chile. These results will be the basis of future studies to evaluate the origin of the infection, the potential dissemination, and the implementation of disease management to avoid the damage caused by this bacterium in hydroponic systems in this crop of growing importance in Chile.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a widely consumed vegetable known for its nutritional benefits and economic potential. This study investigated the effects of two hydroponic systems Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) and Deep Flow Technique (DFT) and varyied nutrient concentrations on the growth and production of curly lettuce, conducted from March to June 2024 at the Smart Farming Zone of UG Technopark, the research utilized a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two nested factors. The first factor comprised two hydroponic systems (H1: NFT and H2: DFT), while the second factor involved four nutrient combinations: AB Mix 0 ml + Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) 10 ml (P1), AB Mix 5 ml + LOF 15 ml (P2), AB Mix 10 ml + LOF 20 ml (P3), and AB Mix 20 ml + LOF 25 ml (P4). Key growth parameters measured included plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter, root length, total fresh weight, fresh weight of roots, and total dry weight. Results indicated that the DFT hydroponic system with a nutrient concentration of AB Mix 20 ml + LOF 25 ml significantly enhanced plant height, number of leaves, root length, fresh weight of the crown, and dry weight. Additionally, the DFT system at AB Mix 10 ml + LOF 20 ml improved leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter, and fresh weight of curly lettuce. These findings underscore the potential of optimizing hydroponic systems and nutrient formulations for enhanced lettuce production.

<p>The water from aquaculture is often enriched with nutrients, which provides potential for use in hydroponic production of vegetables such as lettuce. However, this vegetable can be a vehicle for transmitting diseases pathogenic to humans when contaminated. Currently there is a concern about the quality and the risks that food can bring, due to the high incidence of diseases transmitted by these products. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the sanitary conditions of water and vegetable cultivation in hydroponic and aquaponic systems. Were analyzed 10 samples of water from hydroponic cultivation and 10 samples from aquaponic cultivation, as well as 10 samples of each lettuce growing system, hydroponic, aquaponic and soil. The analysis were performed in duplicate for coliforms at 35ºC and 45°C, coagulase-positive staphylococci and <em>Salmonella </em>spp<em>.. </em>The results showed that both samples of the hydroponic and aquaponic systems presented 100% of coliforms contamination at 35ºC, and that 40% of samples from aquaponic and hydroponic systems presented 30% of <em>Escherichia coli</em>. In the evaluation of lettuce samples it was not detected the presence of <em>Salmonella</em> spp. and staphylococci positive coagulase. However all lettuce samples from aquaponic, hydroponic and soil cultivations showed coliforms at 35ºC (>3NMP/g) and only two samples from the hydroponic system showed coliform at 45°C. It was found that all the cropping systems evaluated in this study provided similar microbiological quality for the final product. So, one can conclude that the samples are suitable for human consumption.</p><p> </p><p>DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14685/rebrapa.v2i2.46</p>

Research on "Study on Types of in OrganicFertilizers on Growth and Yield of Green Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in Hydroponic Systems" was conducted from May 14, 2021 to July 11, 2021 at Jaya Wijaya Agricultural Research Center, Selamet Riyadi University, Surakarta, which is located in Kadipiro Village, Banjarsari District, Surakarta City, Central Java 57136 with an altitude of ± 105 meters above sea level. This study aims to examine the type of inorganic fertilizer application on plant growth and yield, as well as to examine the type of inorganic fertilizer that gives the highest yield of watercress (Lactuca sativa L). This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with a single factor, namely the type of inorganic fertilizer. The treatments in this study were (A) Without inorganic fertilizers/plain water, (C) Nutrimax, (F) NPK 25. 7. 7 Cap Mutiara. Each treatment was repeated four (4) times, so there were 12 hydroponic media/boxes. The data were analyzed using Variance Analysis, followed by the Honest Real Difference Test at the 5 percent real level. The results showed that inorganic fertilizer treatment had an effect on the growth and yield of green lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in a hydroponic system. Treatment (C) Nutrimax gave the highest results on the observation parameters of plant height, leaf greenness, number of leaves, plant fresh weight and plant dry weight with an average value of 32.63 cm each; 3.25; 13.5 strands; 94.75 grams; and 5.33 gramsResearch on "Study on Types of in OrganicFertilizers on Growth and Yield of Green Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in Hydroponic Systems" was conducted from May 14, 2021 to July 11, 2021 at Jaya Wijaya Agricultural Research Center, Selamet Riyadi University, Surakarta, which is located in Kadipiro Village, Banjarsari District, Surakarta City, Central Java 57136 with an altitude of ± 105 meters above sea level. This study aims to examine the type of inorganic fertilizer application on plant growth and yield, as well as to examine the type of inorganic fertilizer that gives the highest yield of watercress (Lactuca sativa L). This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with a single factor, namely the type of inorganic fertilizer. The treatments in this study were (A) Without inorganic fertilizers/plain water, (C) Nutrimax, (F) NPK 25. 7. 7 Cap Mutiara. Each treatment was repeated four (4) times, so there were 12 hydroponic media/boxes. The data were analyzed using Variance Analysis, followed by the Honest Real Difference Test at the 5 percent real level. The results showed that inorganic fertilizer treatment had an effect on the growth and yield of green lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in a hydroponic system. Treatment (C) Nutrimax gave the highest results on the observation parameters of plant height, leaf greenness, number of leaves, plant fresh weight and plant dry weight with an average value of 32.63 cm each; 3.25; 13.5 strands; 94.75 grams; and 5.33 grams

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is a popular salad vegetable and consumption of lettuce has many health benefits. The objective of this study was to select lettuce varieties grown in a closed hydroponic system based on their morphological parameters, phytochemical and mineral content for mixed fresh cut salads or as whole product.Principal component analysis illustrated three separate groups based on the bioactive compounds, color values and fresh leaf mass for the 16 lettuce varieties. Group 1; Multired 4 contained the highest concentrations of total phenols, flavonoids (isohamnetin, quercetin, kaempferol, epicatechin, mycertin, anthocyanin), β‐carotene, ascorbic acid and higher antioxidant property and lower leaf fresh mass. Group 2; included the green lettuce varieties (Multigreen 3 and Multigreen 1) and the red varieties (Cantarix, Lunix, Soltero, Veneza Roxa, Feska) revealed moderately higher in bioactive compounds and fresh leaf mass. Group 3 contained the green lettuce varieties (Smile, Palmir, Hardy, Nasir, Monary, Atlantis and Vera Green Frilly) and showed lower bioactive compounds with leaf higher fresh mass.Red lettuce varieties are rich in bioactive compounds and antioxidant property mainly due to higher total phenols and flavonoid compounds. Multired 4 (red), Multigreen 3 (green) and Multigreen 1 (green) and other red lettuce varieties can be recommended for mixed lettuce salads or as whole product.Practical ApplicationsLettuce consumption is determined by color, size, texture, taste and nutritional properties. Choice of lettuce varieties is important for lettuce mixed fresh cuts or as a whole product. Therefore, it is important to profile the phytochemical composition in different lettuce varieties to improve the antioxidant and nutrient intake in the diet.

Lettuce plants belong to short-lived vegetable crops. Lettuce has different sizes of shapes and color of leaves according to the variety. The purpose of this study was to identify the dose of PGPR administration to the growth and production of lettuce plants, analyze the appropriate dose of PGPR application for lettuce plant growth and production and analyze the results of lettuce plant business analysis with PGPR doses. This research was carried out during the months of March to May 2022. The implementation of this research activity was carried out at the Payakumbuh State Agricultural Polytechnic. This study used an experimental method with Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The treatment used is such as inorganic fertilizer, PGPR by 300 and 350 ml. There were 504 populations, 3 treatments with 6 tests, 18 beds and 90 plant samples, data analyzed using analysis of variance with a further test of Duncan’s Multiple Range Test 5%. Business analysis is measured by calculating total costs, revenues, R/C ratio, BEP price, BEP production, profit and profitability. The results showed that with inorganic fertilizer treatment, PGPR by 300 and 350 ml differed markedly from leaf width, root length and fresh weight of plants and did not differ markedly from plant height and number of leaves. The treatment with the highest average value was found in the use of PGPR 350 ml with an average yield on plant height parameters with a value of 20.95 cm, leaf width of 13.13 cm, number of leaves 16.4 strands, root length of 12.41 cm and fresh weight of plants 102.9 g at plant age of 5 week after application. This research found that the application of PGPR by 300 and 350 ml were not significantly different in the observed variables of plant height and number of leaves, but they were significantly different in the observed variables of leaf width, root length and weight fresh plants.

Lettuce is a horticultural commodity that has good prospects and commercial value. One method that can be used in lettuce cultivation is a hydroponic system. The hydroponic system uses complete nutrients as plant fertilizer. In general, hydroponic systems use synthetic fertilizers in the form of AB Mix. However, the use of environmentally friendly organic fertilizers is considered necessary in a hydroponic system. This study aims to determine the application of various concentrations of liquid organic fertilizer as a hydroponic axis system to the growth and production of lettuce plants, to determine the most effective concentration of liquid organic fertilizer in increasing the growth and production of lettuce. This study was conducted at the Green House MR. Farms. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments, namely the provision of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) 15 ml/liter of water, 18 ml/liter of water, 20 ml/liter of water and 22 ml/liter of water. The results of this study indicate that the application of liquid organic fertilizer has a significant effect on the parameters of plant height, number of plant leaves and plant wet weight. However, it did not significantly affect the parameters of leaf width and root length. The most effective concentration of liquid organic fertilizer in increasing lettuce growth and production was the concentration of 22 ml/liter of water.

Salt stress is one of the most important abiotic stress factors that significantly negatively affect plant growth and yield. This study evaluated the morphological and physiological responses of eight lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) varieties to salt stress under hydroponic conditions. The lettuce varieties were grown in an aerated hydroponic system under control (1.8 dS/m) and salt stress (6.0 dS/m) conditions. The results showed that salt stress caused significant reductions in shoot biomass, particularly compared to root biomass characteristics. The varieties with the greatest reductions in biomass parameters under salt stress conditions were Chicarita, Triplex, and Levistro, while Baeza and Cherokee produced higher biomass. Morphological characteristics such as leaf number, stem diameter, plant height, and leaf area were also significantly affected by salt stress, with leaf area—the edible part of the lettuce—being the most affected by salt stress. As with other parameters, the Baeza, Kireve, and Cherokee varieties were more stable in these parameters. The Chicarita variety again showed the lowest performance in these parameters. Leaf color parameters such as L, a*, b*, chroma, and hue angle were significantly affected by salt stress. Under salt stress conditions, the Expedition and Kireve varieties had more vibrant colors than other varieties. Chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and total chlorophyll content increased in some varieties due to salt stress, while they decreased in others. Salt stress generally increased leaf sap EC and SSC values. The effect of salt stress on fruit juice pH was not statistically significant. In conclusion, salt stress negatively affected shoot parameters in lettuce varieties, while in some varieties it caused an increase in root morphology. These differences in response to salt stress are related to stress adaptation ability, so the parameters used in this study can be used as selection criteria for lettuce or other plants. Additionally, the varieties identified as salt-tolerant in this study can be used in breeding programs aimed at growing plants under saline conditions.