Groups of F-Type

The degree of functions in the Johnson and q-Johnson schemes

We suggest a new approach to the study of relatively hyperbolic groups based on relative isoperimetric inequalities. Various geometric, algebraic, and algorithmic properties are discussed.

Arithmetic Fuchsian groups are the most interesting and most important Fuchsian groups owing to their significance for number theory and owing to their geometric properties. However, for a fixed signature there exist only finitely many non- conjugate arithmetic Fuchsian groups; it is therefore desirable to extend this class of Fuchsian groups. This is the motivation of our definition of semi-arithmetic Fuchsian groups. Such a group may be defined as follows (for the precise formulation see Section 2). Let Γ be a cofinite Fuchsian group and let Γ 2 be the subgroup generated by the squares of the elements of Γ. Then Γ is semi-arithmetic if Γ is contained in an arithmetic group Δ acting on a product H r of upper halfplanes. Equivalently, Γ is semi-arithmetic if all traces of elements of Γ 2 are algebraic integers of a totally real field. Well-known examples of semi-arithmetic Fuchsian groups are the triangle groups (and their subgroups of finite index) which are almost all non-arithmetic with the exception of 85 triangle groups listed by Takeuchi [ 16 ]. While it is still an open question as to what extent the non-arithmetic Fuchsian triangle groups share the geometric properties of arithmetic groups, it is a fact that their automorphic forms share certain arithmetic properties with modular forms for arithmetic groups. This has been clarified by Cohen and Wolfart [ 5 ] who proved that every Fuchsian triangle group Γ admits a modular embedding, meaning that there exists an arithmetic group Δ acting on H r , a natural group inclusion formula here and a compatible holomorphic embedding formula here that is with formula here for all γ∈Γ and all z ∈ H .

Minimal bases of matrix pencils: Algebraic toeplitz structure and geometric properties

In the previous chapter, we studied modular groups and modular forms. The unit groups Γ of orders of indefinite quaternion algebras defined over ℚ are also Fuchsian groups and they are generalizations of modular groups. Automorphic forms for such groups Γ also play important roles in the algebraic geometrical theory of numbers. In this chapter, we recall fundamental properties of quaternion algebras, and study the structure of Hecke algebras of Γ. We quote some basic results on algebras and number theory from [Weil]. We follow [Eichler], [Shimizu 4] in §5.2, and [Shimura 3], [Shimizu 3] in §5.3, respectively. For a general reference, we mention also [Vigneras].

Identification of two classes of planar septic Pythagorean hodograph curves

The geometrical properties of the elliptical billiard system are related to Poncelet’s theorem. This theorem states that if a polygon is inscribed in a conic and circumscribed about a second conic, every point of the former conic is a vertex of a polygon with the same number of sides and the same perimeter. Chang and Friedberg have extended this theorem to three and higher dimensions. They have shown that the geometrical properties of the hyperelliptic billiard system are related to the algebraic character of a Poincaré map in the phase space. The geometrical and algebraic properties of the system can be understood in terms of the analytical structure of the equations of motion. These equations form a complete system of Abelian integrals. The integrability of the physical system is reflected by the topology of the Riemann surfaces associated to these integrals. The algebraic properties are connected with the existence of addition formulas for hyperelliptic functions. The main purpose of this study is to establish such a connection, and to provide an algebraic proof of Poncelet’s theorem in three and higher dimensions.

This review is devoted to the universal algebraic and geometric properties of the non-relativistic quantum current algebra symmetry and to their representations subject to applications in describing geometrical and analytical properties of quantum and classical integrable Hamiltonian systems of theoretical and mathematical physics. The Fock space, the non-relativistic quantum current algebra symmetry and its cyclic representations on separable Hilbert spaces are reviewed and described in detail. The unitary current algebra family of operators and generating functional equations are described. A generating functional method to constructing irreducible current algebra representations is reviewed, and the ergodicity of the corresponding representation Hilbert space measure is mentioned. The algebraic properties of the so called coherent states are also reviewed, generated by cyclic representations of the Heisenberg algebra on Hilbert spaces. Unbelievable and impressive applications of coherent states to the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems on Hilbert spaces are described, along with their linearization and integrability. Moreover, we present a further development of these results within the modern Lie-algebraic approach to nonlinear dynamical systems on Poissonian functional manifolds, which proved to be both unexpected and important for the classification of integrable Hamiltonian flows on Hilbert spaces. The quantum current Lie algebra symmetry properties and their functional representations, interpreted as a universal algebraic structure of symmetries of completely integrable nonlinear dynamical systems of theoretical and mathematical physics on functional manifolds, are analyzed in detail. Based on the current algebra symmetry structure and their functional representations, an effective integrability criterion is formulated for a wide class of completely integrable Hamiltonian systems on functional manifolds. The related algebraic structure of the Poissonian operators and an effective algorithm of their analytical construction are described. The current algebra representations in separable Hilbert spaces and the factorized structure of quantum integrable many-particle Hamiltonian systems are reviewed. The related current algebra-based Hamiltonian reconstruction of the many-particle oscillatory and Calogero–Moser–Sutherland quantum models are reviewed and discussed in detail. The related quasi-classical quantum current algebra density representations and the collective variable approach in equilibrium statistical physics are reviewed. In addition, the classical Wigner type current algebra representation and its application to non-equilibrium classical statistical mechanics are described, and the construction of the Lie–Poisson structure on the phase space of the infinite hierarchy of distribution functions is presented. The related Boltzmann–Bogolubov type kinetic equation for the generating functional of many-particle distribution functions is constructed, and the invariant reduction scheme, compatible with imposed correlation functions constraints, is suggested and analyzed in detail. We also review current algebra functional representations and their geometric structure subject to the analytical description of quasi-stationary hydrodynamic flows and their magneto-hydrodynamic generalizations. A unified geometric description of the ideal idiabatic liquid dynamics is presented, and its Hamiltonian structure is analyzed. A special chapter of the review is devoted to recent results on the description of modified current Lie algebra symmetries on torus and their Lie-algebraic structures, related to integrable so-called heavenly type spatially many-dimensional dynamical systems on functional manifolds.

In this paper we provide an up-to-date survey on the study of Lipschitz equivalence of self-similar sets. Lipschitz equivalence is an important property in fractal geometry because it preserves many key properties of fractal sets. A fundamental result by Falconer and Marsh [On the Lipschitz equivalence of Cantor sets, \textit{Mathematika}, \textbf{39} (1992), 223--233] establishes conditions for Lipschitz equivalence based on the algebraic properties of the contraction ratios of the self-similar sets. Recently there has been other substantial progress in the field. This paper is a comprehensive survey of the field. It provides a summary of the important and interesting results in the field. In addition we provide detailed discussions on several important techniques that have been used to prove some of the key results. It is our hope that the paper will provide a good overview of major results and techniques, and a friendly entry point for anyone who is interested in studying problems in this field.

Skeletal polyhedra and polygonal complexes in ordinary Euclidean 3-space are finite or infinite 3-periodic structures with interesting geometric, combinatorial and algebraic properties. They can be viewed as finite or infinite 3-periodic graphs (nets) equipped with additional structure imposed by the faces, allowed to be skew, zigzag or helical. A polyhedron or complex is regular if its geometric symmetry group is transitive on the flags (incident vertex-edge-face triples). There are 48 regular polyhedra (18 finite polyhedra and 30 infinite apeirohedra), as well as 25 regular polygonal complexes, all infinite, which are not polyhedra. Their edge graphs are nets well known to crystallographers and they are identified explicitly. There are also six infinite families of chiral apeirohedra, which have two orbits on the flags such that adjacent flags lie in different orbits.

In this paper, we introduce the theory of equivariant functions by studying their analytic, geometric and algebraic properties. We also determine the necessary and sufficient conditions under which an equivariant form arises from modular forms. This study was motivated by observing examples of functions for which the Schwarzian derivative is a modular form on a discrete group. We also investigate the Fourier expansions of normalized equivariant functions, and a strong emphasis is made on the connections to elliptic functions and their integrals.

Naturally reductive spaces, in general, can be seen as an adequate generalization of Riemannian symmetric spaces. Nevertheless, there are some that are closer to symmetric spaces than others. On the one hand, there is the series of Hopf fibrations over complex space forms, including the Heisenberg groups with their metrics of type H. On the other hand, there exist certain naturally reductive spaces in dimensions six and seven whose torsion forms have a distinguished algebraic property. All these spaces generalize geometric or algebraic properties of $3$--dimensional naturally reductive spaces and have the following point in common: along every geodesic the Jacobi operator satisfies an ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients which can be chosen independently of the given geodesic.

On the singularities of quadratic forms

Geometric Algebra (GA) is a mathematical framework that provides a unified and elegant approach to solving problems in mathematical physics. This article explores the fundamentals of GA, its applications in various branches of physics, and its role in simplifying complex problems. We delve into the geometric interpretation, algebraic properties, and practical advantages of GA, showcasing how it enhances our understanding of physical phenomena and facilitates innovative solutions.

Weingarten transformations which, by definition, preserve the asymptotic lines on smooth surfaces have been studied extensively in classical differential geometry and also play an important role in connection with the modern geometric theory of integrable systems. Their natural discrete analogues have been investigated in great detail in the area of (integrable) discrete differential geometry and can be traced back at least to the early 1950s. Here, we propose a canonical analogue of (discrete) Weingarten transformations for hyperbolic nets, that is, C^1-surfaces which constitute hybrids of smooth and discrete surfaces "parametrized" in terms of asymptotic coordinates. We prove the existence of Weingarten pairs and analyse their geometric and algebraic properties.