Group Status as Multilevel Phenomenon

Background: Clinical learning in nursing education is workplace-based and it involves both learning and organizational factors. Students could experience these factors both at individual and at group level. This study aimed to assess clinical learning environment as a multilevel phenomenon, by grouping students' perceptions at different organizational levels. Method: A cross-sectional multilevel design has been conducted. 3 Italian Universities, 6 Hospitals and 73 wards have been involved in the study during 2013. Wards with at least 3 attending nursing students have been included. The sample involved 597 nursing students (average age 23.1 years, SD = 4.67 years; 72.6% females; 27.2% attending first year; 31.7% second year; 41.1% third year). Clinical Learning Environment and Supervision plus Nurse teacher ( CLES+T ) scale has been administered. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) have been estimated at ward, at hospital and at University level. Results: All ICCs scores were above 0.10 and they indicated clinical learning environment as a multilevel phenomenon. The most pertinent level to multilevel research was the ward level. The nurse teacher scale was pertinent to Hospital and University level. Conclusions: Clinical learning environment is a multilevel phenomenon. These findings could enhance research develop ment in this field of studies. Practical implications suggest multilevel approach in order to detect the most effective organizational level to improve educational intervention.

Unacquainted individuals, placed together in a Bales-type discussion group, quickly form a participation hierarchy that indicates status differentiation. This rapid structuring of status, similar to the rapid structuring of status hierarchies in groups of Rhesus monkeys, suggests some subtle form of dominance and submission signalling may be operating. Two experimental conditions test this possibility. In one condition a measure of subjects' initial eye glance rank is taken. Eye glance rank predicts their eventual positions in the status hierarchy of the group. In the second condition, subjects are prevented from having eye contact in their initial interaction. Here, the first speaker in the Bales group usually emerges as highest in the hierarchy. These results support the view that people use subtle cues, obtained during the first few seconds of interaction, to rank themselves in the status hierarchy. The findings also represent a further criticism of several prevailing theories of status in small groups.

Using a scientific debate format of a key scholarly essay followed by two commentaries and a rebuttal, this series presents theoretical work, significant empirical studies, methodological developments, analytical techniques, and philosophical treatments to advance the field of multi-level studies, regardless of disciplinary perspective. Similar to Volume 1 (Yammarino & Dansereau, 2002), Volume 2 contains five major essays that cover a range of topics, but in the realms of organizational behavior and strategy. In particular, the five critical essays offer extensive literature reviews, new model developments, methodological advancements, and some empirical data for the study of emotions, construct validation, firm performance, interfirm networks, and strategic change. While each of the major essays, as well as the commentaries and rebuttals, is unique in orientation, they share a common bond in raising and addressing multi-level issues, or discussing problems and solutions that involve multiple levels of analysis

Planning: Planning in organizations: performance as a multi-level phenomenon, M.D. Mumford et al Images of Planning, Performance, and Other Theory, A.C. Bluedorn Planning in organizations - one vote for complexity, S. Finkelstein Planning in organizations - complexity, history, and performance, M.D. Mumford. Selection: A multilevel perspective on personnel selection research and practice - implications for selection system design, assessment, and construct validation, R.E. Ployhart, B. Schneider Leveling the selection field, C. Ostroff A multilevel perspective on personnel selection: are we ready?, N. Schmitt A multilevel perspective on personnel selection: when will practice catch up?, R.E. Ployhart, B. Schneider. Perceptions of Politics: Perceptions of organizational politics: theory and research directions, G.R. Ferris et al Multilevel theorizing about perceptions of organizational politics, R.L. Dipboye, J.B. Foster Politics and political behavior: where else do we go from here?, D.B. Fedor, J.M. Maslyn Perceptions of organizational politics: additional thoughts, reactions, and multi-level issues, G.L. Adams et al. Culture: Linking culture and behavior in organizations: suggestions for theory development and research methodology, P.C. Earley, E. Mosakowski Culture, levels of analysis, and cultural transition, J.A. Alutto Linking culture to behavior: focusing on more proximate cognitive mechanisms, M.W. Morris, M.J. Young Exploring cross-level effects in cultural research, P.C. Earley, E. Mosakowski. Simulation: Multi-level simulation analysis: the dynamics of HIV/AIDS, S.T. Seitz, C. Hulin Multi-level simulation analysis: a methodology for planning and evaluation in public health, R.S. Bernstein Multi-level simulation analysis issues: four themes, S.E. Markham On recommending computational modeling, S.T. Seitz, C. Hulin.

OBJECT The objective of this work was to search a national health care database of patients diagnosed with cervical spine fractures in the US to analyze discharge, demographic, and hospital charge trends over a 10-year period. METHODS Clinical data were derived from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) for the years 1997 through 2006. The NIS is maintained by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and represents a 20% random stratified sample of all discharges from nonfederal hospitals within the US. Patients with cervical spine fractures with and without spinal cord injury (SCI) were identified using the appropriate ICD-9-CM codes. The volume of discharges, length of stay (LOS), hospital charges, total national charges, discharge pattern, age, and sex were analyzed. National estimates were calculated using the HCUPnet tool. RESULTS Approximately 200,000 hospitalizations were identified. In the non-SCI group, there was a 74% increase in hospitalizations and charges between 1997 and 2006, but LOS changed minimally. There was no appreciable change in the rate of in-hospital mortality (< 3%), but discharges home with home health care and to skilled rehabilitation or nursing facilities increased slightly. In the SCI group, hospitalizations and charges increased by 29 and 38%, respectively. There were no significant changes in LOS or discharge status in this group. Spinal cord injury was associated with increases in LOS, charges, and adverse outcomes compared with fractures without SCI. Total national charges associated with both groups combined exceeded $1.3 billion US in 2006. CONCLUSIONS During the studied period, increases in hospitalizations and charges were observed in both the SCI and non-SCI groups. The percentage increase was higher in the non-SCI group. Although SCI was associated with higher adverse outcomes, there were no significant improvements in immediate discharge status in either group during the 10 years analyzed.

This study offers an in-depth account of the mutual constitution of technology use and status hierarchies in a global organization by investigating the use of enterprise social media (ESM). Analyses of individual interviews ( N = 32) and ESM posts ( N = 1,050) showed that (a) the visibility affordance was perceived and used differently by various status groups and (b) emerging patterns of ESM use contributed to the reproduction of status hierarchies. Specifically, increased communication visibility allowed dispersed workers to obtain previously unshared knowledge; however, the very same visibility also revealed knowledge disparities between different status groups, thereby sustaining status hierarchies. Thus, visibility, which has been traditionally linked to recognition, can be also conceived as a quality that highlights inequitable distribution of knowledge and status. This study advances our understanding of social status in global organizations by delineating how communicative practices, organizational structures, and technology use jointly constitute status hierarchies.

Although most research on cynicism toward change (CTC) has been conceptualized at the individual level, we propose that CTC is better conceptualized as a multilevel phenomenon, acting as both an employee attitude and an organizational climate. We conducted a multilevel investigation of CTC in a field sample of 687 correctional officers in the 14 prisons in a state penal system. Consistent with our hypotheses, both employee CTC and CTC climate uniquely predicted negative employee attitudes and behaviors directed at the organization. Offering insight into how to address CTC, we found that transformational leadership negatively relates to employee CTC and CTC climate. Our results highlight the importance of studying CTC in organizations from a multilevel perspective and suggest that transformational leadership is significant for supporting both functional employee attitudes and a facilitative climate toward organizational change.

Climate crises confirm that sustaining a global system of extractive practices that do irreversible harm to planetary health is untenable. Restoring and replenishing ecological balance requires green transformation: fundamental reconfiguration of how industries operate through countless distinctive changes, taking place across levels, at the same time. In response to these challenges, this dissertation advances a multi-level perspective of digital sustainability–the development and deployment of digital resources for sustainable practices that improve the environment, society, and economic welfare. Drawing on four years of ethnographic fieldwork (2020–2024), including 67 interviews with diverse agri-food stakeholders, the dissertation shows how digital sustainability can facilitate a shift in the agri-food industry from extractive practices to regenerative outcomes. To advance these insights, the dissertation draws on five linked field studies that constitute its empirical and conceptual foundation. Through in-depth empirical examination of how plant-based product development leverages artificial intelligence (AI), Study A shows that digital sustainability emerges in distinct niches to innovate green, “planternative” practices. Study B then shows how such niche-level efforts that leverage digital resources for green transformation can piggyback on ongoing digital transformation efforts to accelerate sustainability outcomes. Studies C and D show that, before niche innovations can scale and reconfigure prevailing industry regimes and before ecosystemic collaboration can be achieved, tensions related to organizational identity and barriers to interorganizational data sourcing must be overcome. In its turn, Study E demonstrates how industry-wide ecosystems provide three distinct pathways – for resource optimization, resource substitution, and resource redistribution – that anchor green practices in broad societal landscapes. Together, the five studies advance insights into digital sustainability as a multi-level phenomenon by demonstrating that leveraging digital resources to transform extractive industry practices requires systemic coordination of actions across niches, regimes, and landscapes. These insights contribute to the information systems (IS) literature by showing that large-scale sustainability-related transformation necessitates ecosystemic collaboration beyond what a single enterprise can achieve. Thus, the multi-level perspective advanced in this dissertation opens the case for synthesizing previously fragmented bodies of literature and proposes an integrated explanation of ways in which systemic coordination in pursuit of digital sustainability can be achieved across different levels. For practitioners, the key insight that successful green transformation requires systemic coordination may encourage industry leaders and policymakers to nurture niche-level innovations and leverage ecosystemic collaboration. The dissertation can guide the identification of pathways for cultivating regenerative practices through coordination of other industries’ niche-regime landscapes to accelerate green transformation and restore planetary health.

Factors leading to foreign subsidiary ownership: A multi-level perspective

Group status refers to the extent to which members of a group are respected and admired by others. All known societies are characterized by status stratifications, with the most advantaged groups enjoying a more-than-fair share of the total wealth and prestige. Most ordinary criteria to categorize people into groups possess value connotations that eventually uphold prestige hierarchies. Gender, ethnicity, and age—but also disability, weight, sexual orientation, and of course education, income, and class background—are major criteria of social stratification. Established status characteristics may consist of ascribed (e.g., gender) or achieved (e.g., occupation) qualities. They may further consist of groups with more (e.g., gender) or less (e.g., race, social class) contact and mutual interdependence. Status hierarchies are manifold, and the best metaphor encompassing their diversity is that of a vertical dimension that ranks groups’ status and prestige. Generally, members of high-status groups praise individualistic and autonomous self-conceptions and show self-directedness, whereas the opposite tendencies prevail toward the bottom of the status hierarchy. Socialization practices (e.g., parental education, peers, school, and the workplace) take center stage in explaining how members of status groups acquire these contrasting habits and characteristics. However, recent social psychological research sheds light on more general processes related to how people interpret and react to specific situations. Major contributions of social psychological analyses of group status are found in social identity theory, social role theory, status construction theory, the stereotype content model, and social dominance and system justification theories. Despite substantial differences, these perspectives complement each other to account for the formation, the maintenance, and the change of status hierarchies. Status hierarchies are not only pervasive and inevitable but also crucial in their consequences. Status contributes to a wealth of phenomena, including subjective well-being, mental, and physical health, etc. Important for the present discussion is research investigating how group status affects verbal and nonverbal communication between members of high- and low-status groups.

Status hierarchies are a fundamental feature of social and task groups. Although organizational scholars have only relatively recently developed interest in status hierarchies, they have done so with great enthusiasm and growing activity. Among the phalanx of organizational status scholars is a growing subset whose work challenges the dominant paradigm that status is a static individual characteristic and that status hierarchies are generally stable. This burgeoning line of research on status mobility indicates that people gain and lose status in groups and invest substantial personal resources in status enhancement and defense. This symposium offers a timely platform for sharing some of the most cutting-edge research in the emerging literature on status dynamics. It is comprised of five papers that focus on status mobility—status gains and losses—and the mechanisms and consequences of it. The different foci and methodologies with which the papers examine status mobility reinforce the robustness of the general observation that status hierarchy dynamics are prevelant and consequential.The Downfall of Extraverts and Rise of Neurotics Presenter: Corinne Bendersky; U. of California, Los AngelesPresenter: Neha Parikh Shah; Rutgers U.Rising Stars and Sinking ShipsPresenter: Nate Pettit; New York U.Presenter: Jennifer Carson Marr; Georgia Institute of TechnologyPresenter: Niro Sivanathan; London Business SchoolThe Butterfly Effect of StatusPresenter: Gavin J Kilduff; New York U.Language MattersPresenter: Tsedal Neeley; Harvard U.Status TournamentsPresenter: Nicholas A Hays; U. of California, Los AngelesPresenter: Corinne Bendersky; U. of California, Los Angeles

본 연구의 목적은 과학영재들의 소집단 활동에서 집단 내 의사소통 지위와 언어네트워크와의 관계를 알아보기 위한 것이다. 이를 위하여 과학영재들을 대상으로 5명을 한 단위로 하는 7개 소집단을 구성하고, 이들에게 지구의 밀도 구하기라는 주제로 토론활동을 하였다. KrKwic과 UCINET 6.0 for Windows를 활용하여 집단 내 의사소통 지위와 언어네트워크를 분석하였다. 그 결과 집단 내 선도자의 언어네트워크는 방관자들에 비해 높은 단어 사용 빈도, 낮은 컴포넌트 비율, 높은 밀도를 나타내었다. 이는 선도자들이 방관자들에 비해 응집된 지식을 소유하고 있으며, 문제해결을 위해 방관자들보다 많은 양의 지식을 인출하고 있음을 의미한다. 이런 결과는 과학영재들의 인지수준의 평가와 소집단 활동에서의 집단 구성에 활용할 수 있을 것이다. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between the communication status in group and the semantic network of science gifted students. Seven small groups, 5 members in each, participated in small group activities, in which they discussed the calculation of earth density. Both the communication status in group and the semantic network of science gifted students were analyzed using KrKwic, Ucinet 6.0 for Windows. As a result, the semantic network of prime movers in group represented more frequently used words, lesser rate of component, and higher density than that of out lookers. It means that the prime movers have coherent knowledge compared to out lookers, and they output more knowledge for problem solving than out lookers. Therefore, the results of this study may be applied to evaluating the cognitive level of science gifted students and group organization for small group activity.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between status congruency and group cohesion in outdoor expedition groups in an educational setting. Specifically, three aspects of status congruency were assessed in relation to group cohesion in four adventure canoe groups. The groups participated in 2-week expeditions in the northern areas of the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The participants were 32 upper-year undergraduate students enrolled in a central Canadian university (Mage = 22.41, SD = 2.43 years). Results indicated that (a) individuals who ranked themselves higher in the group's status hierarchy compared to where their peers ranked them had lower perceptions of their attraction to their group's social pursuits; (b) perceptions of group cohesion were greater when individuals occupying formal leadership positions were higher in the group's status ranking (i.e., greater congruency between formal and informal status hierarchies); and (c) individuals who were members of groups that had some level of consensus regarding status rankings perceived their groups to be more cohesive than those who were members of the group that had no consensus.

Introduction: An increase in the elderly population is something that cannot be avoided as an effect of improving people's quality of life. However, this is a challenge because many elderly not only experience physical disorders but also mental disorders. Various studies have found that physical activity can improve mental health in the elderly. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of brain gym exercise on mental health of the elderly. Methods: This study used an experimental research design. The sample used was elderly women who visited Puskesmas Tamalanrea Jaya Makassar. The number of samples in this study was 20 elderly people divided into the treatment group and control group. The treatment group received the elderly gym and brain gym while the control group was only given elderly gym. Mental status for all elderly people was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) II questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS 22.0 for Windows package. Results: The results showed that there were significant changes in mental status after brain gym exercise in the treatment group (p&lt;0.05), whereas there were no significant changes in mental status after elderly gym exercise in the control group (p&gt;0.05). In addition, it was found that there were no significant differences in the value of mental status between the treatment group and the control group (p&gt; 0.05). However, the mean value of mental status in the treatment group was greater than the mean value in the control group. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that there is an effect of brain gym exercise to changes in mental status in the elderly. Mental status in the treatment group after administration of brain gym was better compared to the control group.

ABSTRACTAre smaller ethnic groups less advantaged than large groups? This question has not been systematically studied. Using two new datasets, we find that when group size and status are analyzed at national levels smaller groups are generally worse off than larger groups. By contrast, when group size and status are analyzed at subnational (regional or district) levels, smaller groups are better off than larger groups. “National” minorities are disadvantaged while “local” minorities are advantaged.We theorize that two factors are at work in generating this surprisingly consistent relationship. First, a synergy exists at national levels among three features of ethnic groups: size, power, and status. The second factor is based on social dynamics. Specifically, insofar as internal migration is characterized by positive selection, then migrants and their descendants should form the basis of small, privileged groups within the region that they migrate to. Insofar as distance enhances positive selection, this explains why smaller migrations are associated with more privileged groups and larger migrations with somewhat less privileged groups.