Group Enrolment and Conflict Behavior

Evolution of parochial altruism by multilevel selection

The psychological experience of intragroup conflict

Reprint of: The psychological experience of intragroup conflict

The task's difficulty level is getting higher, and unpreparedness in the new atmosphere makes the clinical students tend to be depressed and experience conflicts between the clinical students. Common conflicts include interpersonal and individual conflicts in groups. Conflicts can be resolved using collaboration methods. Islam does not allow conflict. This study aims to determine the conflict and conflict management in the clinical students of YARSI University Faculty of Medicine and its review according to Islamic view. This study is a qualitative study using primary data in the form of interviews and secondary data in the form of TPA test results in the Registrar's Students. The study population was the students of the Faculty of Medicine, YARSI University, who had been running a clerkship for more than six months. The results showed that in interpersonal and individual conflicts in groups, the conflicts that often occur among clinical students include discipline, dissent, communication errors, and differences in moral and ethical values. Conflict management is used in problem-solving or negotiation and avoidance. All respondents claimed to have experienced burnout or intrapersonal conflict because of many tasks, and the hospital environment was less comfortable. They managed it with compromise and collaboration. The comparison of the data from the landfill results with the conflict management used is compatible, which is superior IQ in making decisions about conflict management. Sources of Conflict in the Clinical students include discipline, dissent, communication errors, and differences in moral values and ethics. Conflict management is used in problem-solving and avoidance. In the Islamic review, conflict management recommended deliberation.

Political violence is a manifestation of the human disposition towards in-group cooperation for out-group conflict. We can best understand this disposition by combining a Darwinian account of group conflict with psychoanalytic group psychology as developed by Freud and Bion. In this perspective we can see the disposition towards group conflict as having evolved together with the mechanisms of identification and projection – mechanisms that we can also see as fostering this disposition, with identification supporting in-group cooperation and projection supporting out-group conflict. We thus see group conflict as a social manifestation of the individual emotional conflicts that are expressed in dreams and phantasy, that give rise to mental disorder, and from which we seek relief in the identifications and projections that sustain human group activity.

(1960). The Relation between Individual and Group Conflicts in Psychotherapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy: Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 259-286.

We are now in the midst of a notable revival of interest in the politics of the American states. During the last decade many studies have been conducted of the social, political and economic determinants of state policy outcomes. Several of these writers have argued that the relative wealth of a state, its degree of industrialization, and other measures of social and economic development are more important in explaining its level of expenditures than such political factors as the form of legislative apportionment, the amount of party competition, or the degree of voter participation. It has been claimed that such factors as the level of personal income or the size of the urban population are responsible both for the degree of participation and party competition in a state, and the nature of the system's policy outputs. By making this argument these writers have called into question the concepts of representation and theories of party and group conflict which, in one form or another, are the foundations for much of American political science.There is a growing awareness, however, that levels of expenditure alone are not an adequate measure of public policy outcomes. Sharkansky has shown, for example, that levels of expenditure and levels of actual service are seldom correlated; presumably, some states are able to reach given service levels with much less expenditure than others. Besides establishing the appropriate level of expenditure for a program, policy makers must also decide about the program's relative scope, provisions for appeal from administrative orders, eligibility requirements, the composition of regulatory boards and commissions, and many other matters which have little to do with money.

We are now in the midst of a notable revival of interest in the politics of the American states. During the last decade many studies have been conducted of the social, political and economic determinants of state policy outcomes. Several of these writers have argued that the relative wealth of a state, its degree of industrialization, and other measures of social and economic development are more important in explaining its level of expenditures than such political factors as the form of legislative apportionment, the amount of party competition, or the degree of voter participation. It has been claimed that such factors as the level of personal income or the size of the urban population are responsible both for the degree of participation and party competition in a state, and the nature of the system's policy outputs. By making this argument these writers have called into question the concepts of representation and theories of party and group conflict which, in one form or another, are the foundations for much of American political science.There is a growing awareness, however, that levels of expenditure alone are not an adequate measure of public policy outcomes. Sharkansky has shown, for example, that levels of expenditure and levels of actual service are seldom correlated; presumably, some states are able to reach given service levels with much less expenditure than others. Besides establishing the appropriate level of expenditure for a program, policy makers must also decide about the program's relative scope, provisions for appeal from administrative orders, eligibility requirements, the composition of regulatory boards and commissions, and many other matters which have little to do with money.

It has been two years since the world has been forced to cope with doing things online. Even in normal face-to-face group discussions, participants face difficulties and conflicts, and now online learning has not made it any easier. This study explores the ups and downs in group discussion. 72 participants responded to a survey to find out how they perceive the conflicts in group formation. The findings in this study revealed that there were significant differences the norming stage and also performing & adjourning stage. In addition to that, the total mean score showed interesting differences across gender. Not all group formations with different genders go through conflicts. Not all team members with the same gender are conflict-free. Sometimes discussions/some activities are more difficult to carry out because of conflicts across genders are not properly addressed. Then again, not all group conflicts are negative. Conflicts are good in several ways. The conversations improve the communication and negotiation skills of the team members. In addition to that, defending for one’s point helps to sharpen critical thinking skills. The findings in this study cannot be generalized for all situations in group work. This study can be a springboard for more group formation and group conflicts research. 
 
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This research used an alternative strategy for analyzing speech acts to investigate the structure of collaborative work group conflict. Results from hierarchical log‐linear and regression analyses of taped interactions over 20 group meetings revealed three patterns of group conflict behaviors: (a) high levels of group conflict dominated all meetings between users and information systems personnel; (b) group conflict was exhibited as multiple cycles of conflict followed by accompanying resolution; and (c) group conflict shifted dramatically from distributive, competitive behaviors to integrative, cooperative behaviors at approximately the midpoint in the sequence of meetings. These results showed that conflict plays two important roles in group process: facilitating learning during the distributive period and building consensus during the integrative period. To manage conflict effectively in the future, collaborative groups should understand first the importance of “kicking around the problem “ to...

In many Codes of Conduct for lawyers around the globe, the duty of the lawyer to serve the interests of his client, and not his own interest, is incorporated.This paper analyzes this duty from various perspectives. Theoretical Law and Economics literature views the client-lawyer relationship as a principal-agent relationship and predicts that the lawyer may (try to) further his own interests, even at the expense of those of the client. This issue has especially been studied with respect to the remuneration scheme, which indeed is predicted to affect the behavior of the lawyer. Empirical research subsequently corroborates this view, so that one may conclude that lawyers are also influenced by their self-interest, which is contrary to the norm that they should always act in the best interest of their client. Hence, Law and economics and empirical research suggest that lawyers will not always act in the best interest of their clients. Psychological and behavioral economics literature in addition casts doubt on whether lawyers are able to act in their client’s best interest, even if they would want to do so. Research concerning personality characteristics of lawyers vis-a-vis clients as well as literature discussing various biases and heuristics plaguing lawyers is discussed.The paper concludes, on the basis of Law and Economics, empirical, behavioral economic and psychological literature, that there are various reasons to believe that the principle that lawyers should only serve the interest of their client and not their own interests is naive.

ABSTRACTThis study examined the impact of group size, group formation, group conflict, and division of labor on student outcomes in a group project for a sample of 112 BSW research seminar students at a large university in the Midwest. Students completed surveys on their experiences with the group project at the end of the semester. Multiple regression was used along with analysis of student comments and answers to open-ended questions. Group size was not associated with outcomes. Instructor input into group formation was related to higher self-assessment of student performance. Greater division of labor predicted greater learning, whereas more group conflict predicted less learning; less conflict occurred when students divided tasks in the most equitable way possible. Strengths and limitations of the study are discussed, along with suggestions for improving the group project experience, including preventative measures to reduce conflict.

Parochial altruism, defined as increased ingroup favoritism and heightened outgroup hostility, is a widespread feature of human societies that affects altruistic cooperation and punishment behavior, particularly in intergroup conflicts. Humans tend to protect fellow group members and fight against outsiders, even at substantial costs for themselves. Testosterone modulates responses to competition and social threat, but its exact role in the context of parochial altruism remains controversial. Here, we investigated how testosterone influences altruistic punishment tendencies in the presence of an intergroup competition. Fifty male soccer fans played an ultimatum game (UG), in which they faced anonymous proposers that could either be a fan of the same soccer team (ingroup) or were fans of other teams (outgroups) that differed in the degree of social distance and enmity to the ingroup. The UG was played in two contexts with varying degrees of intergroup rivalry. Our data show that unfair offers were rejected more frequently than fair proposals and the frequency of altruistic punishment increased with increasing social distance to the outgroups. Adding an intergroup competition led to a further escalation of outgroup hostility and reduced punishment of unfair ingroup members. High testosterone levels were associated with a relatively increased ingroup favoritism and also a change towards enhanced outgroup hostility in the intergroup competition. High testosterone concentrations further predicted increased proposer generosity in interactions with the ingroup. Altogether, a significant relation between testosterone and parochial altruism could be demonstrated, but only in the presence of an intergroup competition. In human males, testosterone may promote group coherence in the face of external threat, even against the urge to selfishly maximize personal reward. In that way, our observation refutes the view that testosterone generally promotes antisocial behaviors and aggressive responses, but underlines its rather specific role in the fine-tuning of male social cognition.

The steroid hormone testosterone is widely associated with negative behavioral effects, such as aggression or dominance. However, recent studies applying economic exchange tasks revealed conflicting results. While some point to a prosocial effect of testosterone by increasing altruistic behavior, others report that testosterone promotes antisocial tendencies. Taking into account additional factors such as parochial altruism (i.e., ingroup favoritism and outgroup hostility) might help to explain this contradiction. First evidence for a link between testosterone and parochial altruism comes from recently reported data of male soccer fans playing the ultimatum game. In this study high levels of endogenous testosterone predicted increased altruistic punishment during outgroup interactions and at the same time heightened ingroup generosity. Here, we report findings of another experimental task, the prisoner's dilemma, applied in the same context to examine the role of testosterone on parochial tendencies in terms of cooperation. In this task, 50 male soccer fans were asked to decide whether or not they wanted to cooperate with partners marked as either fans of the subject's own favorite team (ingroup) or fans of other teams (outgroups). Our results show that high testosterone levels were associated with increased ingroup cooperation during intergroup competition. In addition, subjects displaying a high degree of parochialism during intergroup competition had significantly higher levels of testosterone than subjects who did not differentiate much between the different groups. In sum, the present data demonstrate that the behavioral effects of testosterone are not limited to aggressive and selfish tendencies but may imply prosocial aspects depending on the context. By this means, our results support the previously reported findings on testosterone-dependent intergroup bias and indicate that this social hormone might be an important factor driving parochial altruism.

Neural substrates of male parochial altruism are modulated by testosterone and behavioral strategy