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Abstract
Millions of people worldwide are suffering from allergic inflammatory airway disorders. These conditions are regarded as a consequence of multiple imbalanced immune events resulting in an inadequate response with the exact underlying mechanisms still being a subject of ongoing research. Several cell populations have been proposed to be involved but it is becoming increasingly evident that group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play a key role in the initiation and orchestration of respiratory allergic inflammation. ILC2s are important mediators of inflammation but also tissue remodeling by secreting large amounts of signature cytokines within a short time period. Thereby, ILC2s instruct innate but also adaptive immune responses. Here, we will discuss the recent literature on allergic inflammation of the respiratory tract with a focus on ILC2 biology. Furthermore, we will highlight different therapeutic strategies to treat pulmonary allergic inflammation and their potential influence on ILC2 function as well as discuss the perspective of using human ILC2s for diagnostic purposes.
Highlights
Respiratory allergic inflammatory conditions such as asthma and allergic rhinitis are affecting millions of people globally [1, 2]
A direct mechanistical link of ILC2s to asthma pathogenesis still needs to be established in humans, an increasing body of evidence supports an association of ILC2s with disease in asthmatic patients
A positive correlation of eosinophilia and ILC2s levels has been further reported in human patients similar to the observation in mouse respiratory inflammation [86, 87]
Summary
Respiratory allergic inflammatory conditions such as asthma and allergic rhinitis (hay fever) are affecting millions of people globally [1, 2]. We will summarize experimental mouse models and discuss how recent reports led to an improved understanding of therapeutic strategies in human allergic respiratory diseases with the focus on asthma.
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