Abstract
: Grid-scale renewable energy installations are gaining traction around the world. The addition of these intermittent resources onto the energy grids is resulting in challenges that need to be addressed [1]. The challenge with the mismatch between supply and demand has accelerated the need for grid-scale energy storage technologies. The viability of some of these technologies from a future technical and economic requirements standpoint is being studied widely [2].Though today over 95% of the energy stored is in the form of pumped hydro, many other technologies spanning the broad areas of Mechanical (flywheel, compressed air, etc.), Thermal (molten salt, thermal dams, etc.), Batteries (lithium-based, flow batteries, etc.) and Hydrogen (electrolysis, fuel cells, etc.) are actively under development with a focus on future requirements [1-5].In this paper, we will investigate the viability of Hydrogen electrolyzer and fuel cell technologies for long duty cycle and steep ramp frequency regulation applications. We will compare the characteristics of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) and Solid Oxide (SO) Electrolyzer Fuel Cell (EFC) combinations with Flow Batteries. The techno-economic comparison will be in the areas of (a) Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and (b) Transient Capability.The LCOE models will consider round trip efficiency, equipment capital costs, storage costs, operating costs, and system durability/reliability. The key input data/parameter set for the LCOE calculations will be obtained by extrapolating real-life performance information from key Electrolyzer, Fuel Cell, and Flow Battery suppliers [3-5]. Whereas the transient capability models will be based on applicable charge and discharge duty cycle regimes as well as the transient response to a full range of variation in loads. The transient modeling will be obtained by fitting real-life electrochemical data to simple lumped parameter models [2,5].
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