Chapter 2 - Greenhouse Gases

Sustainable development is a new concept in development economics that needs not to be limited to towns and cities in developing economies like Nigeria. This study therefore examined the strategies for promoting sustainable development in Nasarawa State. The study was guided by cross-section survey design. A sample size of 400 respondents was selected from three rural areas in the State using simple random sampling techniques. A structured questionnaire designed by the researchers was used as instrument for data collection. The instrument was validated by experts and its reliability was ascertained using the Cronbach Alpha Coefficient technique. Descriptive statistics, principally, simple percentages, mean and standard deviation were used for data analysis.The findings revealed that agricultural development and social services provisions have been the major rural development strategies adopted in the State that have been implemented in the State. The results also showed that less attention has been given to human capital development, political inclusion, infrastructural development and industrial growth. It was found that radio and television, farmers and traders association and collaboration with traditional councils are ways of creating awareness on sustainable rural development. However, exclusion of rural dwellers at the planning stage and absence of rural needs assessment were found to be the major challenges to sustainable rural development. The study revealed that employing contractors of projects from communities where projects are sited and the need to plan based rural realities can enhance rural dwellers involvement in sustainable rural development decisions. The study concluded that strategies for sustainable rural development in Nasarawa State have not been effectively designed and implemented because the emphasis has always been on agriculture. The study recommended that Government should always embark on rural development needs assessment, sustainable rural development should emphasis the bottom-top approach, greater investment in human capital and rural entrepreneurial initiatives.

Sustainable development has been given special attention worldwide regarding the environment and preservation of natural resources. However, sustainable community development remains a little-explored area, specifically concerning power-dominant economies and as an ethical representation of managing a country's law and order situations. Therefore, the current study aims to determine the influence of power disruptions, that is, human and governance factors, on sustainable community development directly and indirectly via an underlying mechanism of public sector performance. To achieve the study objectives, the study adopted a quantitative research methodology with a random sampling technique by surveying 720 citizens of Indonesia. A statistical data analysis using structural equation modeling in SmartPLS showed that power disruptions negatively impacted public sector performance, leading to underdeveloped communities. The results also showed that high levels of social connections between public sector employees and citizens mitigated the negative influence of power disruptions on public sector performance leading to the sustainable development of culture and community. The current study adds value to the government science literature by combining the critical issue of power disruptions and sustainable community development in a single consolidated framework that considers the ethics of governing a nation. The results will also help policymakers and project-executing agencies discourage power disruptions and find solutions to damages caused at the planning stages.

Sustainable development has become an urgent global agenda, with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) serving as a key guide for these efforts. However, in the village context, the implementation of the SDGs often requires a different approach that takes into account the unique characteristics of rural communities. The purpose of this article is to discuss the character values of Pancasila that provide a strong foundation for realizing sustainable rural development in line with the SDGs. By strengthening Pancasila principles such as gotong royong, social justice, and unity, rural communities can accelerate the achievement of development goals related to welfare, environment, and social inclusion. The method of community service is through socialization to students of State Elementary School 01 Sumberjati Lumajang as future leaders in the village. The results of this community service are expected that the students of State Elementary School 01 Sumberjati Lumajang can integrate the values of Pancasila in every stage of planning and implementing village development programs, so that the role of the village functions as a center of innovation and sustainability, not only for local interests, but also as a valuable contributor to the achievement of SDGs globally. to achieve sustainable development, village communities can adopt environmentally friendly practices in their daily activities starting from the students of State Elementary School 01 Sumberjati Lumajang, for example in the management and sorting of organic and inorganic waste, the use of renewable energy, and organic farming. As well as promoting awareness of the importance of environmental conservation through education and environmental campaigns at the local level.

Sustainable development of floodplains is closely linked to sustainable flood mitigation measures. Various sustainability assessment (SA) methods to evaluate the influence of policies, plans or projects aimed towards sustainable development have been emerging in recent years. However, most of them are at the national or regional level. Very few research studies have been carried out for sustainability assessment of flood mitigation projects. This study proposes a new innovative decision support framework for sustainability assessment (SA) of flood mitigation projects throughout the project life cycle, focusing on two main aspects: sustainable flood mitigation by the project, and enabling of sustainable development of the floodplain. This study has employed a review of the life cycle of flood mitigation projects, a review of sustainability assessment methodologies, consultations with experts and case studies involving two flood mitigation projects in Queensland, Australia. Conforming to the project life cycle, the decision support framework for sustainability assessment of flood mitigation projects is developed incorporating five stages: 1) contextualizing the project with regard to floodplain sustainability, 2) SA during planning and implementation for integrating sustainability issues in the project, 3) SA during a flood event to assess the sustainability performance of the project 4) SA at periodic intervals, and 5) SA at the stage of modification or changing to a new project. The framework has adopted a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) approach using sustainability criteria and indicators to determine the sustainability index for the project. The process of selecting indicators, defining the weightages and scores for indicators, and determining a sustainability index for various stages of the project has been described in this thesis. The application of the SA framework to the first two stages of the two case study flood levee projects demonstrates how the best suitable alternative levee option can be chosen in the planning stage by determining a sustainability index (SI) of the possible alternatives using a set of sustainability indicators. The study also shows achievement towards sustainability of the finally implemented project can be compared with the originally planned project using the SA framework. The application of the SA framework suggests the potential for better decision making for individual flood mitigation projects, taking into account the sustainable outcomes of the project as well as linking these to sustainable regional development. The outcome of this study will enhance decision making for sustainability of flood mitigation projects. Adapting the framework to projects in other development sectors is also envisaged.

Purpose. The aim of the article is substantiation of expediency of strategic planning of activity of hotel and restaurant business and formation of model of strategic management that will allow to activate potential of subjects of managing and to provide their stable development in strategic perspective. Methodology of research. The authors used empirical, statistical and questionnaire research methods to identify the factors influencing the activities of hotel and restaurant business. It allowed substantiating the stages of business planning and describing their implementation, the formation of an improved model of strategic management, development of proposals for baseline indicators. It is expedient to make decisions on the basis of indicators concerning directions and the purpose of development of business on rendering of services in this sphere. Findings. The reasons for the imbalance of the hotel and restaurant business are analysed and the need for strategic planning and management in this area is substantiated. The stages of planning of hotel and restaurant business are defined taking into account current and strategic factors of its development that will allow to form balance between the realized services and their needs in the market. A model of strategic management of the hotel and restaurant business has been developed, which is focused on the existing social and economic level achieved in this area, resource potential and assessment of the initial conditions and opportunities for development. The main problems of the hotel and restaurant business have been identified, taking into account which will allow to achieve a positive result in the long run and to form a sufficient level of competitiveness of business entities. Originality. The organizational and methodological bases of formation of effective management of hotel and restaurant business which are based on theories of sustainable, competitive and innovative development that will allow to develop various scenarios of business development taking into account current and strategic factors are deepened. Practical value. The obtained results form an important methodological basis for improving the mechanisms of strategic planning and management of hotel and restaurant business entities, as well as allow to form competitive and functional strategies for their development in the long run. Key words: hotel and restaurant business, model of strategic management, stages of planning, business plan, current factors, strategic factors.

It is crucial that engineers – from students to those already practising – have a deep understanding of the environmental threats facing the world, if they are to become part of the solution and not the problem. Is there a way to reconcile modern lifestyles with the compelling need for change? Could new improved technologies play a key role? If great leaps in the environmental efficiency of technologies are needed, can they be produced? Engineers are in a privileged and hugely influential position to innovate, design and build a sustainable future. But are they engaged or uninterested? Are they knowledgeable or ignorant? This book has been developed by a number of committed educators in European engineering departments under the leadership of Delft University of Technology and the Technical University of Catalunya to meet the perceived gap between what engineers know and what they should know in relation to sustainable development. The University of Delft decided as long ago as 1998 that all of its engineering graduates, working towards careers as designers, managers or researchers, should be prepared for the challenge of sustainable development and, as such, should leave university able to make sustainable development operational in their designs and daily practices. The huge amount of knowledge gathered on best-practice teaching for engineers is reflected in this book. The aim is to give engineering students a grounding in the challenge that sustainable development poses to the engineering profession, the contribution the engineer can make to attaining some of the societal and environmental goals of sustainability, and the barriers and pitfalls engineers will likely need to confront in their professional lives. Concise but comprehensive, the book examines the key tools, skills and techniques that can be used in engineering design and management to ensure that whole-life costs and impacts of engineering schemes are addressed at every stage of planning, implementation and disposal. The book also aims to demonstrate through real-life examples the tangible benefits that have already been achieved in many engineering projects, and to highlight how real improvements can be, and are being, made. Each chapter ends with a series of questions and exercises for the student to undertake. Sustainable Development for Engineers will be essential reading for all engineers and scientists concerned with sustainable development. In particular, it provides key reading and learning materials for undergraduate and postgraduate students reading environmental, chemical, civil or mechanical engineering, manufacturing and design, environmental science, green chemistry and environmental management.

Chapter 1 - What is a Green Cement Plant

The publication explores the possibilities for integrating the global goals for sustainable development in Bulgaria’s strategic regional planning process. The authors consider the concept of achieving sustainable development in its strategic aspect. The scholars’ thesis is that strategic planning plays a crucial role in the regions’ future and is a reliable tool in their transition to sustainable development. The integration of sustainable development goals begins at the planning stage at national, regional, and local levels. In the study, the authors examine the United Nations Agenda 2030—Sustainable Development Goals and the new European consensus on the development ‘Our World, Our Dignity, Our Future.’ The author’s team also studies the legal framework and institutionalization of sustainable development in Bulgaria at the beginning of the XXI century. Current strategic documents for regional development are assessed for their compliance with the Global Sustainable Development Goals. To this end, the research team investigates the current strategic framework for regional development and conducts it, focusing on the environmental dimension of sustainability. The effective use of sustainable development opportunities is a proper perspective for regional policy in achieving maximum dynamics for socio-economic development in Bulgaria and its participation in building a competitive European economy based on knowledge and innovation.

This is a qualitative study of the issues which arise for teachers when planning and teaching sustainable development in primary school classrooms. Nine primary teachers participated in a programme of professional development concerned with education for sustainable development, and subsequently planned and taught a topic with a sustainable development focus. The teachers were interviewed at the planning stage, just before teaching and after teaching, using an interview schedule based on a theoretical framework designed by the authors. Seven key issues are identified and discussed in depth, namely: sustainable development and the National Curriculum; choosing a topic; making it sustainable development; 'learned helplessness' and empowerment; personal understanding of sustainable development; the teaching of controversial topics; and teacher time. Three further issues are discussed more briefly (resources, teaching strategies and language). In a final section we consider how the teaching seen in this study compares with conceptions of education for sustainable development found in the literature.

Sustainable development and the goals that have been set by the UN are the results of mutual agreement on various pressing issues that must be addressed by our society. Along with the pandemic conditions that hit various parts of the world, the challenges for the realization of sustainable development are getting higher. Geospatial technology offers reliable tools to support the various processes and stages of planning, analysis, problem-solving, decision making, and process management necessary to pursue this common goal. GIScience has a very important role in investigating opportunities to help solve sustainable development problems. This study presents the state of the art of how GIScience plays a role to achieve sustainable development goals particularly during pandemic covid situations which resulting in a backward for some actors in several countries to achieve these goals. This study uses the content analysis method to analyze various issues related to sustainable development, SDGs, pandemic covid-19, and GIScience. Not only providing state of the art of research, but this paper also presents how actually GIScience can help to accelerate the problems thus the ultimate goal of sustainability can be achieved.

Tourism can play a key role in the revitalization and development processes of rural areas. However, not all forms of tourism bring benefits to host communities. Few are in fact the positive impacts, both in economic and social terms, of mass or seasonal tourism, without considering the negative impact it can have on the environment in areas where nature is often still uncontaminated. It is therefore a question of making alternative proposals to the mainstream ones by suggesting tourism solutions attentive to the consumption of resources and to not interfere with the lifestyle of a destination. In order to enhance the rural heritage we need to move from fast-paced tourism activities to a slow-paced travelling style able to immerse tourists in an experience that is first of all cultural. The paper presents a methodology applicable to the Italian and European context for the revival of rural areas through the development of sustainable tourism starting from the Tourism Carrying Capacity concept. In the literature the TCC is applied to try to limit the number of tourists in congested destinations. The paper instead proposes to use TCC to address the development of tourism in not yet mature locations such as rural areas. In this way it is possible to determine the guidelines to support sustainable tourism development and planning because the environmental, social and economic limits of a given destination are already known at the planning stage. This methodology is then applied to a concrete case study, Santo Stefano d’Aveto a rural municipality of the Liguria Region.

The ecological condition of the planet, issues of the rational use of resources, responsible and rational behaviour, and equal access to civilizational opportunities determine the relevance of the actual state of ensuring sustainable development and the level of implementation of green initiatives not only at the planning stage but also during implementation. The negative impacts on the environment pose an urgent need for policy solutions to stimulate and support the development of green technologies, essential for promoting sustainable lifestyles. We explored sustainable development in-depth, analysing its economic, social, environmental, and political challenges. The basis for conducting this study are climate change, air and water pollution, loss of biodiversity, and active and disproportionate use of natural resources. Additionally, disparities in access to education, healthcare services, resource utilization, economic crises, and global conflicts play a role. We utilised analytical research methods (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction), summarised information, and examined previous publications in this field (reviewing literature from recent years). The results revealed the importance of ensuring fair access to resources and opportunities for everyone and developing effective management and regulatory strategies to ensure sustainable development in all areas of life. The study suggests that the involvement of the public in discussions on sustainable development is essential in addressing challenges and achieving sustainable development goals successfully. Forming forums, networks, and communities where the public can exchange experiences, ideas, and best practices regarding sustainable development to promote the development of shared responsibility and cooperation is also encouraged.

Sixty-two years after the first photos of earth taken by a camera aboard a V-2 rocket in October, 1946, and forty-eight years since the first CORONA satellite images were captured, the status of remote sensing research and applications within the African continent has made dramatic progress. Many African countries now have remote sensing research centers, within government agencies, research institutes and universities. Some countries in Africa currently have earth observing and/or telecommunications satellites in orbit and/or have such assets in various planning stages. The authors document such progress, in addition to the constraints to further applications of remote sensing for sustainable development in Africa, with special reference to data distribution constraints. Moreover, the authors address the urgency for bandwidth improvements within the African continent, so as to enable sustainable development initiatives to benefit from advances in high performance computing, required for ab initio near-real-time analysis of satellite-data. Such capabilities, it is argued, are propaedeutic for time-critical initiatives, such as vulnerability assessment, disaster preparedness and mitigation, emergency response, humanitarian assistance and post-calamity reconstruction, associated with a wide array of biogenic and anthropogenic disasters. Case studies of advances in infrastructure for satellite remote sensing and high performance computing, with implications for sustainable development in Africa, are provided from Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa.

Challenges and considerations for planning toward sustainable biodiesel development in developing countries: Lessons from the Greater Mekong Subregion

Successful implementation of the global concept of sustainable development requires harmonising the strategic planning of sustainable development of the state to ensure effective monitoring of the progress of states in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The purpose of the research is to actualise the problem of applying forecasting methods in the process of harmonising the strategic planning of the sustainable development of the state and to develop methodological tools for its solution. In the course of the study, based on the application of such methods as: literature review, hypothetical-deductive method, comparison method, empirical method and logical analysis, the expediency is substantiated, methodological tools are developed and the method of triple exponential Holt-Winters smoothing based on a long time series is tested using the Forecast Sheet in Microsoft Excel 2016. Within the framework of a harmonised approach to strategic planning for sustainable development, to assess the country’s progress in sustainable development, the indicators of decoupling of environmental pressure from economic growth are used, as they are simple, measurable and flexible. Based on the Tapio’s methodology, a norm of non-renewable resource decoupling and environmental impact decoupling indicators is determined as a benchmark for the development and analysis of the effectiveness of the national sustainable development strategy, and a forecast of the dynamics of these indicators in the EU as a whole until 2026 is made, as a leader in the greening of the economy. The findings allowed us to identify the main trends in the EU’s sustainable development, basing on the classification of the decoupling status. The results obtained contribute to the harmonisation of national strategies to ensure the successful implementation of the global concept of sustainable development, can be used at such a stage of strategic planning as the formation of a goal tree, which makes it possible to set both attainable and relevant goals, as well as in assessing the effectiveness of strategies in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals