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Abstract
AbstractClimate change has been viewed to result from anthropogenic human activities that have significantly altered the Nitrogen (N) cycle and carbon cycles, increasing the risks of global warming and pollution. A key cause of global warming is the increase in greenhouse gas emissions including methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon among others. The context of this chapter is based on a comprehensive desktop review on published scientific papers on climate change, greenhouse emissions, agricultural fertilizer use, modeling and projections of greenhouse gases emissions. Interestingly, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has the least emissions of the greenhouses gases accounting for only 7% of the total world’s emissions, implying that there is overall very little contribution yet it has the highest regional burden concerning climate change impacts. However, the values could be extremely higher than this due to lack of proper estimation and measurement tools in the region and therefore, caution needs to be taken early enough to avoid taking the trend currently experienced in developed nations. In SSA, agricultural production is the leading sector in emissions of N compound to the atmosphere followed by energy and transportation. The greatest challenge lies in the management of the two systems to ensure sufficiency in food production using more bioenergy hence less pollution. Integrating livestock and cropping systems is one strategy that can reduce methane emissions. Additionally, developing fertilizer use policy to improve management of fertilizer and organic manure have been potentially considered as effective in reducing the effects of agriculture activities on climate change and hence the main focus of the current chapter.
Highlights
Agriculture is the main contributor to greenhouse gases emissions (GHG) that is estimated to be between 10% and 20% of the total anthropogenic GHG emissions (Allen et al 2020)
In the light of adverse climate change effects being experienced in sub-Saharan countries currently, several opportunities to mitigate GHG in agriculture exist and can be realized through overcoming several barriers
There is a need to assign mitigation measures on the key causes of climate change more emphasis on greenhouse gases emitted from agriculture
Summary
Agriculture is the main contributor to greenhouse gases emissions (GHG) that is estimated to be between 10% and 20% of the total anthropogenic GHG emissions (Allen et al 2020). The GHG emissions in sub-Saharan Africa are estimated using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change guidelines in various subsystems of agriculture including crop production, animal manures, and methane emissions from livestock. The main GHG fluxes from agricultural land include nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) The emissions of these gases (CH4) and (N2O) in agricultural land have increased by 17% from 1990 to 2005 globally (Popp et al 2010). The burning of savannas and grassland fires that is common with the sub-Saharan African region is another greater contributors to GHG emissions (Malaka 2017) Due to this huge contribution of GHG emissions to the ecosystems, agriculture becomes an integral part that SSA and the whole globe should focus on to stabilize the. This chapter will explore several available options and strategies that have the potential of mitigating GHG emissions from agriculture and minimize the impact of climate change
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