Greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector in Argentina in business-as-usual and mitigation scenarios

Achieving the Paris Agreement 1.5 C target requires a reversal of the growing atmospheric concentrations of methane, which is about 80 times more potent than CO 2 on a 20-year timescale. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report stated that methane is underregulated, but little is known about the effectiveness of existing methane policies. In this review, we systematically examine existing methane policies across the energy, waste, and agriculture sectors. We find that currently only about 13% of methane emissions are covered by methane mitigation policies. Moreover, the effectiveness of these policies is far from clear, mainly because methane emissions are largely calculated using potentially unrepresentative estimates instead of direct measurements. Coverage and stringency are two major blind spots in global methane policies. These findings suggest that significant and underexplored mitigation opportunities exist, but unlocking them requires policymakers to identify a consistent approach for accurate quantification of methane emission sources alongside greater policy stringency. ll

A correction in the CDM methodological tool for estimating methane emissions from solid waste disposal sites

Greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases, are key contributors to global climate change by trapping heat in the Earth's atmosphere. The waste sector, encompassing solid waste disposal, biological treatment, incineration, and wastewater management, is a significant source of GHG emissions. This study aims to assess and quantify GHG emissions from the waste sector in Lao PDR, analyze the contribution of wastewater treatment and discharge to methane emissions, and identify gaps in the current data on waste management emissions. Using the Tier 1 methodology outlined in the 2006 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) guidelines, this research evaluates emissions from the waste sector in Lao PDR from 1960 to 2022. The results reveal a total of 1,631.89 GgCO2eq emissions, with methane (CH4) contributing 1,536.25 GgCO2eq, nitrous oxide (N2O) 95.47 GgCO2eq, and carbon dioxide (CO2) 0.17 GgCO2eq. Wastewater treatment and discharge emerge as the primary source of methane emissions, responsible for 980.68 GgCO2eq. Despite these findings, the study identifies significant gaps in data collection, particularly in areas like biological treatment and open burning of waste, which were not comprehensively included. These limitations highlight the need for further research to gather more extensive and accurate data across Lao PDR, especially to better understand the full emissions profile of the waste sector.

Simple SummaryLivestock manure management is one of the main sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in South Africa producing mainly methane and nitrous oxide. The emissions from this sub-category are dependent on how manure is stored. Liquid-stored manure predominantly produces methane while dry-based manure enhances mainly production of nitrous oxide. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines were utilized at different tier levels in estimating GHG emissions from manure management. The results show that methane emissions are relatively higher than nitrous oxide emissions with 3104 Gg and 2272 Gg respectively in carbon dioxide global warming equivalent.Manure management in livestock makes a significant contribution towards greenhouse gas emissions in the Agriculture; Forestry and Other Land Use category in South Africa. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions are prevalent in contrasting manure management systems; promoting anaerobic and aerobic conditions respectively. In this paper; both Tier 1 and modified Tier 2 approaches of the IPCC guidelines are utilized to estimate the emissions from South African livestock manure management. Activity data (animal population, animal weights, manure management systems, etc.) were sourced from various resources for estimation of both emissions factors and emissions of methane and nitrous oxide. The results show relatively high methane emissions factors from manure management for mature female dairy cattle (40.98 kg/year/animal), sows (25.23 kg/year/animal) and boars (25.23 kg/year/animal). Hence, contributions for pig farming and dairy cattle are the highest at 54.50 Gg and 32.01 Gg respectively, with total emissions of 134.97 Gg (3104 Gg CO2 Equivalent). Total nitrous oxide emissions are estimated at 7.10 Gg (2272 Gg CO2 Equivalent) and the three main contributors are commercial beef cattle; poultry and small-scale beef farming at 1.80 Gg; 1.72 Gg and 1.69 Gg respectively. Mitigation options from manure management must be taken with care due to divergent conducive requirements of methane and nitrous oxide emissions requirements.

본 연구는 국가 온실가스 배출량 평가에서 향후 적용될 2006 IPCC 신규 가이드라인의 적용성을 검토하고자 해외사례를 분석하고, 기존 가이드라인과의 방법론 및 배출계수 차이점을 분석하여 실제 배출량을 산정해 보고자 수행하였다. 해외 ANNEX I 국가들의 적용성을 검토한 결과 우리나라와 농업여건이 비슷한 일본의 경우 일부는 2006 IPCC 가이드라인의 방법론과 배출계수를 적용하고 있었으며, 미국의 경우는 대부분이 2006 IPCC 가이드라인을 적용하여 배출량을 산정하였다. 1996 IPCC와 2006 IPCC 가이드라인의 방법론과 기본계수를 적용하여 경종부문 온실가스 배출량을 평가한 결과, 신규가이드라인을 적용했을 때 약 26~29%의 배출량이 감소되었다. 이러한 배출량 차이에 대한 주요 원인은 일부 배출원 항목에 대한 삭제 및 배출계수의 차이에 있음을 알 수 있었다. This study was conducted to compare of greenhouse gas emissions between 1996 and 2006 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) guidelines change. Greenhouse gas emissions were calculated separately by rice cultivation, agricultural soils and field burning of agricultural residues from 2000 to 2008 according to 1996 and 2006 IPCC guidelines. To calculate greenhouse gas emissions, emission factor and activity data were used IPCC default value and the food, agricultural, forestry and fisheries statistical yearbook of MIFAFF (Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries). The greenhouse emissions by 1996 IPCC guidelines were highest in rice cultivation as 4,008 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>-eq Gg of 2000 and 3,558 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>-eq Gg of 2008. The emissions by N-fixing crops, crop residues returned soils and field burning did not much affect the total emissions. <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> emissions by urea and lime were calculated by adding in 2006 IPCC guidelines and its emissions were 157 and 82 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>-eq Gg in 2008 respectively. The emissions by N-fixing crops, crop residues returned to soils and field burning, in common with 1996 IPCC guidelines, did not have a significant impact on total emissions. The total emissions in agronomic sector was decreased continuously from 2000 to 2008 and annual emissions by 2006 IPCC guidelines were approximately 26-29% less than the 1996 IPCC guidelines.

Estimation of methane and nitrous oxide emission from livestock and poultry in China during 1949–2003

Methane emissions along biomethane and biogas supply chains are underestimated

Greenhouse gas emissions are related to non-renewable sources. For this reason, the methodological guide for the estimation of methane and carbon dioxide emissions in flooded lands was published in 2006 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Since 2016, several studies have been carried out in temperate and tropical zones reservoirs. Costa Rica is a Central American country known for its large hydroelectric resources and its highly renewable electricity generation matrix. This work represents the first study for 11 of 24 hydroelectric plants managed by the Costa Rican Electricity Institute. Methane emissions, energy density and emission factors for electricity generation are determined. Furthermore, a static mathematical model is used to determine these factors with little input data. It is estimated that the greatest contribution to methane emissions corresponds to the Arenal reservoir, which has the largest surface area and the lowest energy density.

The overexploitation of natural resources and increasing dependence on these sources have caused an increase in solid waste generation, aggravating environmental impacts and contributing significantly to climate change through enhanced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This scenario highlights the urgent need for circular economy strategies focused on reducing carbon emissions and mitigating environmental impacts. Continuous monitoring is crucial to evaluate current conditions and guide effective measures in the transition toward a sustainable waste management model. This study quantifies the total potential methane (CH4) emissions and analyzes the variation in CH4 production over time within a solid waste treatment and disposal facility. Emissions were estimated using three methodologies: the standard Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) approach, the LandGEM® model (V3.02) provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the triangular gas production model. The results indicate peak emissions of approximately 72,82 and 2,30E-3 Gg for the IPCC and triangular models, respectively, while the LandGEM® model predicted a substantially higher peak of 8,31 Gg, suggesting emissions could persist for up to 124 years post-closure. In this study, the results are not directly comparable, as the estimates are strongly dependent on the assumptions and parameters adopted, reinforcing the inherent limitations of the available models when applied to realities different from those for which they were originally developed. Therefore, they should be interpreted as extreme envelopes of behavior intended to support the planning of strategies aimed at mitigating environmental impacts. Implications: The results presented in this study contribute significantly to the improvement of environmental management strategies in urban solid waste management complexes. The estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions allows the identification of critical points of methane and carbon dioxide release, supporting the adoption of more efficient control and mitigation technologies. In addition, the data obtained can be used by public managers and policymakers to develop action plans aimed at reducing emissions in the waste sector, aligning with the climate commitments assumed by Brazil under the Paris Agreement and promoting the transition to more sustainable circular economy practices.

Greenhouse gas emissions from the Canadian dairy industry in 2001

To estimate the greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields of Cambodia, the methodology of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines, IPCC coefficients, and emission factors from the experiment in Thailand and another country were used. Total area under rice cultivation during the years 2005-2006 was 2,048,360 ha in the first crop season and 298,529 ha in the second crop season. The emission of methane from stubble incorporation with manure plus fertilizer application areas in the first crop season was estimated to be 192,783.74 ton higher than stubble with manure, stubble with fertilizer, and stubble without fertilizer areas. The fields with stubble burning emitted the highest emission of methane (75,771.29 ton) followed by stubble burning with manure (22,251.08 ton), stubble burning with fertilizer (13,213.27 ton), and stubble burning with fertilizer application areas (3,222.22 ton). The total emission of methane from rice field in Cambodia for the years 2005-2006 was approximately 342,649.26 ton (342.65 Gg) in the first crop season and 36,838.88 ton (36.84 Gg) in the second crop season. During the first crop season in the years 2005-2006, Battambang province emitted the highest amount of CH(4) (38,764.48 ton) and, in the second crop season during the years 2005-2006, the highest emission (8,262.34 ton) was found in Takeo province (8,262.34 ton). Nitrous oxide emission was between 2.70 and 1,047.92 ton in the first crop season and it ranged from 0 to 244.90 ton in the second crop season. Total nitrous oxide emission from paddy rice field was estimated to be 9,026.28 ton in the first crop season and 1,091.93 ton in the second crop season. Larger area under cultivation is responsible for higher emission of methane and nitrous oxide. Total emission of nitrous oxide by using IPCC default emission coefficient was approximately 2,328.85 ton. The total global warming potential of Cambodian paddy rice soil is 11,723,217.03 ton (11,723 Gg) equivalents of CO(2).

Developing basin-specific emission factors for accurate methane inventory and emission reduction strategies in Zonguldak Coal Basin, Turkey: Implications for enhancing safety and sustainability

ABSTRACTWaste production increases with the increase in population, urbanization rate and people’s income. Solid waste is a contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions which can cause global warming. At the Conference of Parties 25 (COP 25) in Madrid 2019, the Indonesian government is still commited to reducing GHG emissions and working to reduce/limit the increase in temperature below 1.50C. Karangasem regency is an area located in the eastern part of Bali Island, which administratively is one of the regency in Bali Province. The population of Karangasem regency in 2018 based on results of population registration was 414,800 people. The population is spread across 8 sub-districs with the population growth rate in Karangasem averaging 0.88% per year. The distribution of the population will be directly proportional to the distribution of solid waste produced. The method for calculating municipal solid waste will be carried out using the First Order Decay method contained in the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Guidelines. From the calculation results, GHG emission have been obtained in each sub-district in Karangasem regency. Total GHG emission in 2019 amounted to 11,764 tonnes of CO2-e. Mapping the area in Karangasem district to determine the amount of waste produced by each district is deemed necessary as a mitigation effort to be implemented. In this study, a mapping of each sub-district was carried out on the basis of Geographical Information System (GIS). It is necessary to carry out a GHG inventory at the district level, to determine how much GHG emission are generated from the waste sector. After the GHG emission in known, a mapping of each sub-district will be made to determine the level of emission produced, so that this GHG emission reduction mitigation action will focus more on the sub-districts that produce the most emission first followed by other sub-districts.Keywords: Waste, GHG Inventory, First Order Decay, Geographic Information System.ABSTRAKProduksi limbah meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya jumlah penduduk, tingkat urbanisasi dan pendapatan masyarakat. Sampah merupakan salah satu penyumbang emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) yang dapat menyebabkan adanya pemanasan global (global warming). Pada Conference of Parties 25 (COP 25) di Madrid tahun 2019, pemerintah Indonesia masih berkomitmen untuk dapat menurunkan emisi gas rumah kaca dan berupaya untuk mengurangi/membatasi peningkatan suhu dibawah 1,50C. Kabupaten Karangasem, merupakan daerah yang berada di belahan timur Pulau Bali, yang secara administratif merupakan salah satu kabupaten dalam wilayah Provinsi Bali. Jumlah penduduk Kabupaten Karangasem pada tahun 2018 berdasarkan hasil registrasi penduduk adalah 414.800 jiwa. Jumlah penduduk tersebut tersebar dalam 8 kecamatan dengan angka pertambahan penduduk di Karangasem rata-rata 0,88% per tahun. Sebaran jumlah penduduk akan berbanding lurus dengan sebaran limbah padat yang dihasilkan. Metode penghitungan limbah padat kota akan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode First Order Decay yang terdapat pada IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Guidelines. Dari hasil perhitungan telah didapatkan emisi GRK di tiap-tiap kecamatan yang ada di Kabupaten Karangasem. Total emisi GRK pada tahun 2019 yaitu sebesar 11.764 ton CO2-e. Pemetaan wilayah di kabupaten392 Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Komputer, Volume 6, Nomor 3, Oktober 2020Karangasem untuk mengetahui jumlah sampah yang dihasilkan tiap kecamatan dipandang perlu dilaksanakan sebagai upaya mitigasi yang akan dilaksanakan. Pada penelitian ini dilaksanakan pemetaan tiap-tiap kecamatan dengan basis Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG). Inventarisasi GRK di tingkat kabupaten ini perlu dilakukan, untuk mengetahui sampai berapa besar emisi GRK yang dihasilkan dari sektor limbah tersebut. Setelah emisi GRK sudah diketahui, maka akan dibuat sebuah pemetaan tiap-tiap kecamatan untuk mengetahui tingkat emisi yang dihasilkan, sehingga aksi mitigasi penurunan emisi GRK ini akan lebih fokus pada kecamatan-kecamatan yang menghasilkan emisi paling besar terlebih dahulu dilanjutkan dengan kecamatan yang lainnya.Kata Kunci : Limbah, Inventarisasi GRK, First Order Decay, Sistem Informasi Geografis.

Accurate estimation of methane (CH4) emission (ME) from enteric fermentation in China is essential to establishing and maintaining a reliable global ME inventory and developing strategies to mitigate such emissions. Based on modern animal production statistics, i.e., feed quality and quantity data for different feeding systems, enteric methane emissions (EME) in China during the period of 1990 to 1998 were estimated using Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimation methods for various production scenarios. The estimation was conducted based on: (1) Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines) Tier 1, designated M1; (2) Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines Tier 2, designated M2; (3) IPCC Good Practices Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC Good Practices Guidance) without incorporation of treated straw effect on ME, designated M3; and (4) IPCC Good Practices Guidance with incorporation of treated straw effect on ME, designated M4. The results revealed variability in ME among the four estimation methods and production conditions. Specifically, the estimated ME values in China for the peak emission year (1996) were 8,614; 11,039; 10,533; and 11,469 Gg, respectively, with M1, M2, M3, and M4, i.e., up to 33% difference from one method to another. These ME values for 1996 were 31%, 28%, 27%, and 20% higher than their respective values for 1990, the base year for evaluating future emission changes. Yellow cattle contribute more than 50% of EME in China. The methane emission factor was found to be 26% to 30% lower for yellow cattle fed treated residues than for those fed non-treated residues due to improved digestibility. This reduced ME factor translated into an estimated ME reduction of 935.7 Gg in 1996 and 1,253.5 Gg in 1998 for yellow cattle. To further improve the validity of EME estimation, it is suggested that certain quality control measures be taken, such as adjusting emission factors to reflect the changing livestock production systems and management practices, measuring ME factors in the field, and collecting and integrating current animal production statistics.

This study analyzes the impact of guideline revisions by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on methane (CH4) emission estimates in the crop cultivation sector, particularly from paddy rice fields, as reported in the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reports of major countries. Over successive revisions (1996, 2006, 2019), the IPCC guidelines have introduced increasingly detailed calculation methodologies, incorporating factors such as cultivation period, water management practices, and organic amendment applications. These refinements have led to a gradual decrease in default annual emission factors. Using National Inventory Report (NIR) and Common Reporting Format (CRF) data from 14 countries, including the United States and Japan, the study compares changes in CH4 emissions based on water regime, organic input types, and cultivated area. The findings reveal significant differences in emissions between countries, primarily driven by variations in irrigation practices and organic amendment strategies. This study highlights the importance of adopting updated IPCC guidelines to improve the accuracy of emission estimates and supports the formulation of more effective national GHG mitigation strategies.