Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as a Promising Adjuvant to Albendazole in the Management of Hydatid Cyst Disease: Molecular and Biochemical Insights.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated by using leaves extracted from the thyme plant by employing a green method. The influence of several calcination (annealing) temperatures on the characteristic properties of fabricated ZnO NPs and the optimum calcination temperature for growing ZnO NPs were studied and reported. The studied calcination temperatures were 150 °C, 250 °C, 350 °C, and 450 °C. Different characterization techniques were used to study and examine the properties of biosynthesized ZnO NPs by using thyme plant leaf extract. The results of each UV-Vis analysis and FTIR spectrum of the leaf extract of the thyme plant confirmed and suggested that the selected leaf extract of thyme is a practicable choice for green synthesis of ZnO NPs. The investigated UV-Vis spectra of plant leaf extract displayed two strong absorption peaks at 266 nm and 313 nm at ambient temperature. The results of FESEM images showed that the calcination temperature has a significant and large effect on the morphology, size, shape, and orientation of ZnO NPs, which have a spherical shape with an average size in the range of 39.4–51.86 nm. In addition, the XRD results confirm that the ZnO NPs formed are pure ZnO with wurtzite hexagonal structure with particle size along the (002) peak in the range of 35.20–243.3 nm. The results of UV-Vis of ZnO NPs displayed a strong peak for all ZnO NPs produced at different calcination temperatures, a high absorbance in the UV region below 400 nm, and a low absorbance rate in the visible range. The obtained energy band gap (Eg) was in the range of 2.645–2.7 eV. In addition, the results of the FTIR spectra of ZnO NPs at different calcination temperatures revealed there was no discernible peak in the monitoring range, which indicated the purity of the ZnO nanoparticles generated via using thyme leaf extract. In addition, from all obtained results of the fabricated ZnO NPs, the ZnO NPs synthesized at the calcination temperature of 450 °C showed a high quality and improvement compared to the ZnO NPs synthesized at other calcination temperatures.

Water-based mud (WBM) faces challenges in high-temperature, high-pressure (HTHP) conditions due to fluid loss and property degradation. Enhancing eco-friendly drilling fluids with optimal rheology is crucial for sustainable, cost-effective, and environmentally safe drilling operations. This study formulated a WBM using green-synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs, ~ 45 nm) and tragacanth gum (TG), a biodegradable natural polymer. The synthesized ZnO NPs were comprehensively characterized using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG) to determine their structural, morphological, and chemical properties. Rheological properties, including flow behavior index (n), consistency index (K), plastic viscosity (PV), and yield point (YP), were analyzed at 25, 50, and 75 °C using the Bingham-plastic and Power-law models. The accuracy of the model was validated using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), which assessed the significance of the results. Additionally, Design Expert software was utilized to optimize the concentrations of TG and ZnO for elevated temperature applications. Moreover, the response surface methodology (RSM) results were evaluated by reporting the R2 and accuracy metrics, confirming the strong correlation between predicted and actual values, which demonstrates the model’s robustness. Three optimal samples underwent HTHP filtration tests at 120 °C and 500 psi. The ideal formulation of 750 ppm TG and 0.25 wt% ZnO NPs improved PV by 27.84%, YP by 43.16%, reduced fluid loss by 54.16%, and mud cake thickness by 25%. The optimized sample showed superior performance, with a ‘K’ of 56.12 cp and a ‘n’ of 0.2272, ensuring effectiveness under HTHP conditions. This sustainable formulation reduced environmental contamination risks and drilling fluid consumption while enhancing operational efficiency.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) using various plant extracts as reducing and capping agents has gained attention in recent research. The green synthesis of ZnO NPs offers several advantages such as being simple, eco-friendly, safe, cost-effective, and reproducible approach with high stability. Hence, this article provides an overview of zinc metal and ZnO compounds, and traditional chemical and physical synthesis of ZnO NPs with primary focuses on the green synthesis of ZnO NPs. This study discusses various plant extracts used and the proposed mechanisms in the green synthesis of ZnO NPs. Additionally, it explores the cytotoxic mechanisms of the green-synthesized ZnO NPs and addresses the various biomedical applications of ZnO NPs, including antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing. Moreover, the review critically discusses the toxicity of ZnO NPs and emphasizes the need for more toxicological studies to ensure the safety and facilitate the risk assessments and risk management of ZnO NPs. Furthermore, this review underlines the challenges associated with the translation process of ZnO NPs from bench to market, including the complex and time-consuming regulatory approval process for ZnO NPs, which requires a multidisciplinary approach involving scientists, regulators, and manufacturers.

Objective(s): This study was aimed to investigate the synthesis of novel zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) using Solanum trilobatum leaf extract as the reducing and capping agents, called green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (GS-ZnONPs). <br />Materials and Methods: Chemically synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (CS-ZnONPs) were synthesized using precipitation method with zinc nitrates hexahydrate as reducing precursors. The synthesized GS- and CS-ZnONPs were examined and characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, respectively. <br />Results: GS-ZnONPs exhibited a higher zone of inhibition of 28.6 mm, 27.63 mm, and 29.33 mm for Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively compared to CS-ZnONPs. From the growth inhibition experiments with E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, it was evident that GS-ZnONPs have exhibited higher growth inhibition as compared to CS-ZnONPs. The IC50 for CS-ZnONPs in MCF-7 cell line was found at 136.16 µg/mL and for GS-ZnONPs was found at 85.05 µg/mL. The proliferation of cancer cells were directly proportional to the concentration of NPs. As compared to CS-ZnONPs, GS-ZnONPs have exhibited higher cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 cell line. <br />Conclusion: It was concluded that GS-ZnONPs represented much enhanced anticancer and antibacterial activity compared to CS-ZnONPs.

Objectives: Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles have received considerable attention due to their antimicrobial, UV blocking, and high catalytic and photochemical activities. Hence, an investigation has been carried out to synthesize the ZnO nanoparticle using aqueous Phyllanthus niruri (Keezhanelli) leaf extract. Aims and objectives of the present study are to synthesize using Keezhanelli (P. niruri) leaf extract, to study its characterization, and to determine its antibacterial activity.&#x0D; Methods: Green synthesized ZnO nanoparticle was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. Antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticle was carried out using agar well diffusion method.&#x0D; Results: The result of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticle using Keezhanelli (P. niruri) leaf extract showed the change of color from pale white to brown color. The result of FTIR analysis of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticle revealed the presence of biomolecules such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharide, amino acid, and proteins. The result of the SEM studies showed that the green synthesized ZnO nanoparticle was spherical and cylindrical in shape. The size of the ZnO nanoparticle was recorded to be 5 μm. The result of TEM studies of ZnO nanoparticle showed that majority of the particles were spherical in shape with the size of 2 μm. The result of antibacterial activity against four bacterial species showed that green synthesized ZnO nanoparticle was found to be efficient in inhibiting the growth of the bacterial isolates. Maximum zone formation was exhibited against Staphylococcus saprophyticus. &#x0D; Conclusion: Thus, from the results of the present study, it can be concluded that synthesis of ZnO nanoparticle using leaf extract of Keezhanelli (P. niruri) has several advantages such as simple, cost-effective, time consuming, safe, and eco-friendly compared to other methods of nanoparticle synthesis as evidenced in the present study.

Due to their distinctive properties, several eco-friendly metal oxide nanoparticles were assessed for their possible cardioprotective properties. Acrylamide (ACD), a pervasive chemical in food and the environment, has been linked to cardiac toxicity. Therefore, this study examined the probable protective effect of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (GS-ZNPs) against ACD-oral exposure-induced cardiac damage in rats. For 60days, 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into four sets that orally administered distilled water, 10-mg GS-ZNP/kg b.w., 20-mg ACD/kg b.w., or GS-ZNP + ACD. Then, cardiac damage indicators comprising CPK, CK-MB, cTn, and LDH were assessed. Besides, cardiac tissues' architecture, oxidative stress indicators, and Zn content were evaluated. The mRNA expression of the ERS-related genes, including ATF3, ATF4, ATF6, XBP-1, CHOP, JNKs, and BiP, were determined. Moreover, ERS-dependent anti-apoptotic (BCL-2) and apoptotic (Caspase-3 and BAX) genes mRNA expression were analyzed. The results showed that GS-ZNP significantly alleviated the increased ACD-induced serum cardiac damage indicators, MDA tissue content, and histopathological changes. Furthermore, the ACD-induced reduction of antioxidants and Zn heart contents were significantly reestablished by GS-ZNP. Furthermore, the ACD-induced upregulation of the ERS-encoding genes and apoptotic genes was reversed by GS-ZNP. Besides, the ACD-induced BCL-2 downregulation was counteracted by GS-ZNP. Overall, GS-ZNP could be a biologically potent compound to alleviate ACD's cardiotoxic effects, possibly by controlling the ERS and apoptosis-related genes and antioxidant activity.

BackgroundFishpond sediments (FPS) are rich in organic carbon and nutrients, making them valuable as fertilizers and soil conditioners. Stabilizing heavy metals like chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) is essential to reduce their bioavailability and risks. This study evaluates zinc oxide (ZnO) and silicon (Si) nanoparticles synthesized from Azolla pinnata and Equisetum arvense for heavy metal immobilization and nutrient enhancement in FPS from San Jiang (SJ) and Tan Niu (TN), China.MethodsNanoparticles were synthesized using Azolla pinnata and Equisetum arvense. Fishpond sediments from San Jiang (SJ) and Tan Niu (TN) were treated with ZnO and Si nanoparticles. Heavy metals and nutrients were analyzed via ICP-OES and soil analysis, while sequential extraction assessed metal distribution in geochemical fractions.ResultsThe application of these nanoparticles, especially the green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (GSZnONPs), was found to significantly reduce the concentrations of chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in both the overlying and pore water of the FPS. This reduction not only minimizes the leachability of these heavy metals, but also substantially decreases their bioavailability. The study recorded a notable shift in the acid-soluble metal fraction, resulting in an average reduction of Cr concentrations by 31–28%, Cu by 18–21%, and Zn by 32–23% in the sediments from San Jiang (SJ) and Tan Niu (TN). Moreover, the application of these nanoparticles also improved the nutrient profile of the sediments, potentially enhancing their utility as fertilizers.ConclusionZinc oxide and silicon nanoparticles synthesized from Azolla pinnata and Equisetum arvense are effective in immobilizing heavy metals in fishpond sediments, significantly reducing their bioavailability and potential environmental risks. The use of these green-synthesized nanoparticles not only mitigates heavy metal contamination, but also enhances the nutrient content of the sediments, making them more suitable for use as soil conditioners and fertilizers. This dual benefit highlights the potential of these nanoparticles as a sustainable solution for managing contaminated fishpond sediments while contributing to agricultural productivity.Graphical

Nanoparticles have made a steady progress in all the branches of science. It is used in biological applications including nanomedicine. Zinc oxide is also known as Zincite generally seen in a crystalline form. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are multifunctional. It has effective antibacterial activity. This study focuses on the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticle by the sonochemical and green method, characterized by XRD, SEM and to determine the antibacterial efficacy of green and chemical techniques.Results prove that green synthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticle shows the enhanced biocidal activity. In addition the current study has demonstrated that the particle size variation and surface area to volume ratio of green synthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticles are responsible for significant high antibacterial activity. From the result obtained it suggested that the biogenic green fabrication is a better choice due to eco-friendliness.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) possess unique properties, making them a popular material across various industries. However, traditional methods of synthesizing ZnO-NPs are associated with environmental and health risks due to the use of harmful chemicals. As a result, the development of eco-friendly manufacturing practices, such as green-synthesis methodologies, has gained momentum. Green synthesis of ZnO-NPs using biological substrates offers several advantages over conventional approaches, such as cost-effectiveness, simplicity of scaling up, and reduced environmental impact. While both dried dead and living biomasses can be used for synthesis, the extracellular mode is more commonly employed. Although several biological substrates have been successfully utilized for the green production of ZnO-NPs, large-scale production remains challenging due to the complexity of biological extracts. In addition, ZnO-NPs have significant potential for photocatalysis and adsorption in the remediation of industrial effluents. The ease of use, efficacy, quick oxidation, cost-effectiveness, and reduced synthesis of harmful byproducts make them a promising tool in this field. This review aims to describe the different biological substrate sources and technologies used in the green synthesis of ZnO-NPs and their impact on properties. Traditional synthesis methods using harmful chemicals limit their clinical field of use. However, the emergence of algae as a promising substrate for creating safe, biocompatible, non-toxic, economic, and ecological synthesis techniques is gaining momentum. Future research is required to explore the potential of other algae species for biogenic synthesis. Moreover, this review focuses on how green synthesis of ZnO-NPs using biological substrates offers a viable alternative to traditional methods. Moreover, the use of these nanoparticles for industrial-effluent remediation is a promising field for future research.

Green synthesized Gmelina arborea Roxb leaves ZnO nanoparticles: DNA fingerprinting, phytochemistry, greenness and biological activities.

Experimental and theoretical approach on green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from combined leaf extracts of Catharanthus roseus and Morinda Citrifolia for invitro anti-cancer studies

Green route to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO[sbnd]NPs) using leaf extracts of Merremia quinquefolia (L.) Hallier f. and their potential applications

Capparis zeylanica mediated bio-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles as antimicrobial, photocatalytic and anti-cancer applications

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chemically and green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on the shelf life and sensory quality of fish meat. In this study, ZnO-NPs were synthesized by employing the colloidal chemistry (CZnO-NPs) and green synthesis (GZnO-NPs) methods, and they were also characterized to assess their morphology. The synthesized ZnO-NPs, ZnO, and zinc acetate (ZnA) were used for the preservation and fortification of fish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) meat at 20 mg/kg of Zn. In a six-day storage study at 4 °C, the fish samples were evaluated for their sensory attributes (color and odor), physicochemical quality (pH and total volatile base nitrogen), oxidative changes (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and peroxide value), and microbial loads at 0, 3, and 6 days of storage. The fortification of raw fish with the synthesized CZnO-NPs produced better sensory attributes (color and odor) and maintained a pH non-conducive to microbial growth throughout the entire storage period compared with the control, ZnO, and ZnA-fortified samples. The GZnO-NPs largely did not provide any added advantage over CZnO-NPs but sometimes responded better than the control, ZnO, and ZnA samples. Oxidative status and total volatile base nitrogen were lower for CZnO-NPs in refrigerated fish compared with the other treatments. The ZnO-NP-fortified fish had the lowest counts of total viable bacteria, coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., and Vibrio spp. Hence, the fortification of fish with synthesized CZnO-NPs is promising as a food additive to reduce microbial spoilage and lipid peroxidation of fish in storage.

In this study, we report synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles using simple chemical and green methods. The ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using leaf extract of Azadirachta indica (neem) as reducing agent. The as obtained product was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and TEM techniques. XRD analysis confirms that ZnO nanoparticles were crystalline having hexagonal Wurtzite structure with (1 0 0), (0 0 2), (1 0 1), (1 0 2), (1 1 0) and (1 1 2) planes. SEM analyses show that the as synthesized ZnO NPs were in the form of agglomerates and no other impurity peak was found in the EDS. TEM analyses confirm that the size of the nanoparticle was approx. 50 nm. Here in, we investigate the effect of chemical and green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles on germination and growth of lycopersicum esculentus (tomato) using petri plate seed germination method in loamy sand soil. The impact of concentration of applied ZnO nanoparticles via green synthesis and chemical methods were analyzed. Results revealed that green synthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticles showed maximum growth of seedling as compared to chemically synthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticles, bulk ZnO and control. After 50 days of tomato growth analysis, it was recognized that ZnO NPs can be a good green synthetic fertilizer by increasing shoot length, wet weight, dry weight and yield over conventional control. Hence, green method is found to be more effective.